Objective To evaluate the efficacy of Ziyin-Shengjin decoction on the patients with hormone dependence dermatitis. Methods A total of 80 patients with hormone-dependent dermatitis were divided into 2 groups (n=40), according to the random number table. Treatment group was treated with Ziyin-Shengjin decoction for oral administration and for external application, and moisturizing cream, and the control group with oral loratadine capsule, wet compress by 3% boric acid and moisturizing cream. Both groups were treated for 8 weeks. Symptoms, signs were observed before and after treatment. Results The total effective rate of treatment group was 92.50%(37/40), while the control group was 72.50% (29/40) (χ2=4.242, P=0.039). After treatment, the symptoms and signs scores of treatment group (2.70 ± 0.86 vs. 10.05 ± 1.25, t=30.638) were lower than the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion The combination of Ziyin-Shengjin decoction for oral administration and for external application, and moisturizing cream can improve clinical symptoms on the patients with hormone-dependent dermatitis.

Objective To measure the nursing time that the geriatric patients need daily in a large general hospital in Anhui province,thus to understand the direct and indirect nursing items and time.Methods Timing and recording nursing operations to meet the conditions of the geriatric patients for 7 consecutive days by field recording method were done.Results The average time of each nursing procedures was calculated.Direct nursing time was 146.10 min,accounting for 84.70％ of the total nursing time,including primary care (42.81％) and respiratory/drain management proportion (15.86％); Indirect nursing time was 26.39 min,accounting for 15.30％ of the total nursing time.The actual number of nurse needed was 158,the suitable bed protection ratio was 1 ∶ 0.68.Conclusions Direct nursing time of geriatric patients needed was longer than that of indirect nursing time.To increase direct nursing hours and reduce the indirect nursing time can satisfy the need of elderly patients.In addition,the current nursing staffing cannot satisfy the clinical needs of the elderly,thus,nursing resources allocation should be reasonable arranged as soon as possible.

Objective:To investigate effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in kidneys of Type 1 diabetic rats.Methods:Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:A normal control (NC) group,a diabetes mellitus (DM) group,a NaHS (NaHS+DM) group,and a NaHS control (NaHS) group (n=8 per group).Type 1 diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg).After successful establishment of models,the rats in NaHS+DM and NaHS groups were injected with NaHS solution (56 μmol/kg) intraperitoneally.Eight weeks later,the activities of total nitric oxide synthase (T-NOS) and iNOS,as well as the level of nitric oxide (NO) were detected in serum and renal tissues,respectively,The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was determined in renal tissues,The ultrastructures of renal tissues were observed by transmission electron microscope,The protein expression ofiNOS in renal tissues was detected by Western blot.Results:Compared with the NC group,there was no significant difference in the various indexes in the NaHS group (P＞0.05).However,in the DM group,the activities of T-NOS and iNOS,and the level of NO were all increased significantly in serum and renal tissues,while the activity of GSH-Px was decreased in renal tissues.Under the electronic microscope,the thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane,the proliferation of mesangial matrix,and the foot fusion were observed.The protein expression ofiNOS was increased obviously in renal tissues in the DM group (P＜0.01).Compared with the DM group,the activities of T-NOS and iNOS and the level of NO were all decreased in serum and renal tissues,while the activity of GSH-Px was increased in renal tissues in the NaHS+DM group (P＜0.01).The renal ultrastructural damages were ameliorated obviously.The protein expression ofiNOS was decreased significantly (P＜0.01).Conclusion:H2S exerts a protective effect on kidney injury in type 1 diabetic rats.The mechanism might be related to inhibition of iNOS activity and protein expression,in turn leading to reduction of NO content in renal tissues.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene shows restriction fragment length polymorphism with incision enzyme Bsm Ⅰ ,Apa Ⅰ ,Taq Ⅰ ,which is related to bone mineral density (BMD).However, it is unclear that the relationship between VDR gene (Bsm Ⅰ ) polymorphisms and BMD,osteoporosis.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distribution regularity of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism related to BMD in postmenopausal women of Han,Uygur, Kazak and Mongoloid nationality in China. DESIGN: controlled observation.SETTING: Institute of Gerontology,General Hospital of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 179 women of Han,who were taking physical examination in General Hospital of Chinese PLA from January 2002 to December 2003, at the average age of (59±3) years,were selected. A total number of 122 women of Uygur with average age of 56.49 years; 63 women of Kazak with average age of (55±3) years; and 112 women of Mongoloid with average age of (57±3) years,who were all taking physical examination in department of geriatrics, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from January 2001 to December 2003.All of them were informed consent.METHODS: VDR genotypes(Bsm Ⅰ ) were defined with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism,so as to analyze distribution of Vitamin-D receptor gene (Bsm Ⅰ )polymorphisms of postmenopausal women in Han,Uygur, Kazak,Mongoloid nationality,and compared with the data of USA,Australia,France,Japan,Korea. Enumeration data were compared with Chi-square test.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: VDR (Bsm Ⅰ ) polymorphisms in healthy postmenopausal women from Han, Uygur, Kazak, Mongoloid populations in China, which were compared with the data of USA, Australia,France, Japan, Korea.RESULTS: For women of Han, Uygur, Kazak and Mongoloid nationality,the BB genotypes accounted for 0, 4.1%, 6.35% and 4.46%, the bb genotypes accounted for 90.5%, 69.67%, 38.1% and 50% respectively. There was a significant difference between women of Han, Uygur, Kazak, and Mongoloid nationality(P ＜ 0.01). There was insignificant difference in comparation of distribtuion of VDR genotype between Kazak nationality and the west races, but it was significantly different to that in Japan,Korea races.CONCLUSION:VDR genotype polymorphisms is characterized by obvious racial diversify in postmenopausal women of Han,Uygur, Kazak,Mongoloid populations in China;Distribution of VDR gene frequency of Kazak population is similar with the west race ,but is different to Japanese and Korea's race.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) and analyze its influencing factors among women at ages of 50 to 59 years in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, so as to provide insights into the prevention of PMOP among menopausal women. Methods: Bai Ethnic menopausal women at ages of 50 to 59 years who received healthy examination at the Center of Healthy Examination, Dali Prefecture People's Hospital from June 2017 to May 2021 were selected as the study subjects, and subjects' demographic characteristics, living habits, history of diseases, family history of osteoporosis and history of parturition were collected using self-designed questionnaires. The height, body weight and bone density were measured, and fasting blood glucose, vitamin D3, blood lipids and liver functions were detected. The factors affecting the development of PMOP were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: Totally 2 000 questionnaires were allocated, and 1 584 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 79.20%. The respondents had a mean age of ( 56.22±2.61 ) years, and mean body mass index ( BMI ) of ( 24.62±2.35 ) kg/m2. There were 497 respondents ( 31.38% ) with a family history of osteoporosis, and the prevalence of PMOP was 20.64%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age ( OR=1.135, 95%CI: 1.074-1.196 ), age of menarche ( OR=1.138, 95%CI: 1.059-1.217 ), duration of menopause (OR=1.425, 95%CI: 1.228-1.622), number of parturition ( >2, OR=5.036, 95%CI: 2.972-7.101 ), smoking ( OR=2.594, 95%CI: 1.767- 3.421 ), alcohol consumption ( OR=2.051, 95%CI: 1.503-2.598 ), family history of osteoporosis ( OR=2.540, 95%CI: 1.769-3.311 ), hypertension ( OR=1.492, 95%CI: 1.406-1.578 ), diabetes ( OR=1.774, 95%CI: 1.581-1.967 ), total cholesterol ( OR=1.483, 95%CI: 1.251-1.716 ), triacylglycerol ( OR=1.801, 95%CI: 1.576-2.026 ), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( OR=1.614, 95%CI: 1.498-1.731 ), fasting blood glucose ( OR=1.192, 95%CI: 1.077-1.307 ), BMI ( OR=0.934, 95%CI: 0.862-0.993 ), outdoor activity ( ≥1 time/week, OR: 0.413-0.549, 95%CI: 0.329-0.637 ), age of menopause ( OR=0.909, 95%CI: 0.841-0.977 ), daily intake of calcium ( ≥600 mg, OR: 0.493-0.644, 95%CI: 0.389-0.786 ), vitamin D3 level ( ≥20 ng/mL, OR: 0.604-0.719, 95%CI: 0.523-0.853 ) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( OR=0.658, 95%CI: 0.550-0.767 ) as factors affecting the development of PMOP. Conclusions The prevalence of PMOP in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture is similar to the nationwide level in China, and old age, smoking, alcohol consumption, a family history of osteoporosis and high blood lipid levels may increase the risk of PMOP.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on cardiac myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression in diabetic rats.
 METHODS: A total of 32 male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control group (NC group), a diabetic control group (DM), a NaHS treatment group (DM+NaHS) and a NaHS group (NaHS) (n=8 in each group). Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin was utilized to establish Type 1 diabetic rat model. The diabetic rats in the DM+NaHS and NaHS groups were intraperitoneally injected with 28 μmol/kg NaHS solution. Eight weeks later, the ventricular hemodynamic parameters, the ratio of heart weight/body weight (HW/BW ratio), the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase MB isozyme (CK-MB) in serum were determined. The ultrastructures of myocardium were observed under electron microscopy. The expressions of MLCK mRNA and protein level in myocardium were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively.
 RESULTS: Compared with the NC group, there was no significant difference in the various indexes in the NaHS group (all P>0.05). The function of left ventricular contract and relaxation were decreased obviously in diabetic rats, while the HW/BW ratio was increased (all P<0.01). The levels of LDH and CK-MB were increased (both P<0.01) in serum, while the levels of MLCK mRNA and protein were decreased significantly (both P<0.01) in myocardial tissues. Compared with the DM group, the left ventricular hemodynamic parameters and myocardial ultrastructure damage were improved in the DM+NaHS group, while the HW/BW ratio was decreased (all P<0.05). The levels of LDH and CK-MB were decreased (both P<0.01), while the levels of MLCK mRNA and protein were increased significantly (both P<0.01).
 CONCLUSION H2S can protect myocardium in diabetic rats, which may be associated with upregulation of cardiac MLCK.
Animals ; Cardiotonic Agents ; pharmacology ; Creatine Kinase, MB Form ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; drug therapy ; Heart ; drug effects ; Hemodynamics ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; pharmacology ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; blood ; Male ; Myocardium ; ultrastructure ; Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sulfides ; pharmacology ; Ventricular Function, Left ; drug effects

Objective:To explore the predictive value of amplitude integrated electroencephalography(aEEG)in the neurological prognosis of children with neonatal bacterial meningitis(NBM).Methods:The clinical data and aEEG results from 148 children diagnosed with NBM who completed aEEG examinations in the Department of Neonatology at Kunming Children′s Hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.According to whether aEEG is abnormal, the children were divided into aEEG abnormal group and aEEG non-abnormal group.According to the degree of aEEG abnormality, children with aEEG abnormality were divided into aEEG mild abnormal group and aEEG severe abnormal group.The abnormal rate and abnormal characteristics of aEEG were analyzed; The clinical data of two groups were compared.Results:(1)Among the 148 children with NBM, 49 children had abnormal aEEG, 99 children had no abnormality, and the aEEG abnormal rate was 33.1%.The abnormal aEEG was manifested as delayed sleep-wake cycle maturation in 39 (26.3%) cases, abnormal discharge in eight (5.4%) cases, and abnormal background activity in one (0.6%) case.(2)The proportion of children with convulsive seizures and refractory NBM in aEEG abnormal group were significantly higher than those in aEEG non-abnormal group ( P<0.05). In the routine and biochemical abnormal indexes of cerebrospinal fluid, the proportion of protein >3 g/L, cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte>500×10 6/L, cerebrospinal fluid glucose<1.5 mmol/L, positive cerebrospinal fluid culture, positive blood and cerebrospinal fluid culture, abnormal head MRI in aEEG abnormal group significantly increased ( P<0.05); While there was no significant difference regarding blood routine leukocyte abnormality, CRP increase, and positive blood culture ratio between two groups ( P>0.05). (3) 148 cases of NBM children were followed up to 15 months old, 119 (80.4%) cases completed the follow-up, the loss rate was 19.6%, three cases died, and 11 cases had psychomotor retardation.Compared with the children with abnormal aEEG, the prognosis of children with NBM was significantly different, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient r was 0.315 ( P<0.05). COX regression was used to analyze the predictive value of each index for adverse outcomes. Abnormal aEEG was an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes in children with NBM ( OR=7.452, 95% CI 1.605-34.591, P<0.05). Conclusion:The aEEG monitoring of children with NBM, if abnormal, may indicate severe NBM, which is likely to be transformed into refractory NBM or has a poor prognosis.

Objective Interleukin-27 (IL-27) has been reported to reduce the levels of interleukin17(IL-17) and alleviate the severity of experimental autoimmune myocarditis.IL-17,an important tissueprotective cytokine in viral myocarditis (VMC),has been reported to increase synovial expression of IL-27 in rheumatoid arthritis.However,the influence of IL-17 on IL-27 expression in murine model of VMC remains unknown.Methods Wild-type (WT) and IL-17A-deficient (IL-17A-/-) mice on the BALB/c background were intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) for establishing VMC models.Cardiac tissue was obtained on day 7 after CVB3 injection.Myocardial histopathologic changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained myocardial sections.Expression of IL-27 in heart and serum was measured by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),respectively.Furthermore,splenic lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages were purified 1 week after injection from WT mice.Isolated lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of different concentrations (0 and 25 ng/ml) of recombinant IL-17 (rIL-17) for 24 h.Macrophages were cultured with different concentrations of rIL-17 (0 and 10 ng/ml) for 48 h.IL-27 mRNA expression of cultured cells was assayed by RT-PCR,and their protein level in the culture supernatant was measured by ELISA.Results Compared with WT mice,significantly less cardiac inflammation was evidenced in the heart of IL-17A-/-mice (0.9 ± 0.3 vs.1.9 ± 0.5),relative cardiac IL-27 p28 mRNA expressions (1.11 ± 0.24 vs.3.1 ± 0.8) and serum IL-27 protein [(72 ± 18) pg/ml vs.(95 ± 25) pg/ml] were also significantly lower in IL-17A-/-mice (all P ＜ 0.05).In the culture lymphocytes,the relative mRNA (1.02 ± 0.13 vs.1.32 ± 0.21) and protein [(49 ± 9) pg/ml vs.(52 ± 11) pg/ml] expressions of IL-27 p28 and were similar post treatment with 0 and 25 ng/ml rIL-17 (all P ＞0.05).Compared with 0 ng/ml rIL-17 culture with macrophages,higher relative mRNA (8.5 ±3.1 vs.2.2 ±0.7) and protein [(368 ±95) pg/ml vs.(150 ± 38) pg/ml] expressions of IL-27 p28 were detected in 10 ng/ml rIL-17 group (all P ＜0.05).Conclusion Our data indicates that cytokine IL-17 may contribute to the secretion of IL-27 in VMC mice.Furthermore,macrophages but not lymphocytes may be the important IL-27-producing immune cells and major target cells for IL-17.Thus,IL-27 and IL-17 might be actively involved in the pathogenesis of VMC.

Objective To observe the effects of Huanglian ointment on wound healing of mice with full-thickness skin defect,and to explore the related mechanism.Methods Thirty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into Huanglian ointment group and vehicle group according to the random number table after round wounds of full-thickness skin defect with diameter of 7.5 mm were inflicted on the back of each mouse,with 15 mice in each group.Wounds of mice in Huanglian ointment group and vehicle group were treated with Huanglian ointment and vehicle respectively from post injury day (PID) 1 on,2 times each day.Five mice from each group were selected to observe wound changes on PID 0,3,7,10,and 14,and wound healing rates were calculated.Five mice out of the 10 mice that hadn't been used for general observation in each group were sacrificed on PID 3 and 7 respectively,and 5 mice after being used for general observation in each group were sacrificed on PID 14.Wound and skin tissue within 2 mm from the edge of wound was collected.Histologic scoring was conducted based on the histomorphological observation with HE staining.The expression of double positive cells of alpha smooth muscle actin (αt-SMA) and Ki-67 (myofibroblast) in tissue of wounds of mice was observed by immunofluorescence staining.Protein expressions of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and collagen in tissue of wounds of mice were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Data were processed with analysis of variance for repeated measurement,analysis of variance of factorial design,t test of two independent samples,one-way analysis of variance,and Bonferronni test or correction.Results (1) Wounds of mice in two groups were red and swollen on PID 0,while they were neither red nor swollen with scabs on PID 3 and 7.On PID 10,woundsof mice in Huanglian ointment group contracted obviously,while the contracted wounds of mice in vehicle group were smaller than those in Huanglian ointment group.On PID 14,wounds of most mice in Huanglian ointment group were healed,while wounds of some mice in vehicle group failed to heal.Wound healing rates of mice in two groups were close on PID 3 and 7 (with t values respectively 0.64 and 1.90,P values above 0.05).Wound healing rates of mice in Huanglian ointment group on PID 10 and 14 were (76 ±7)％ and (93 ±5)％ respectively,significantly higher than those of vehicle group [(48 ± 9) ％ and (68 ± 11) ％,with t values respectively 7.44 and 3.89,P values below 0.01].Wound healing rates of mice in two groups on PID 7,10,and 14 were significantly higher than those on the previous time points of the same group (with P values below 0.01).(2) Histologic scores of wounds of mice in two groups were close on PID 3 (t =-0.76,P ＞0.05).Histologic scores of wounds of mice in Huanglian ointment group on PID 7 and 14 were (7.0 ± 1.6) and (11.6 ± 2.1) points respectively,significantly higher than those of vehicle group [(4.2 ± 1.3) and (7.2 ± 1.3) points,with t values respectively 1.96 and 2.50,P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01].Histologic scores of wounds of mice in two groups on PID 7 and 14 were significantly higher than those on the previous time points of the same group (with P values below 0.01).(3) Percentages of double positive cells of α-SMA and Ki-67 in tissue of wounds of mice in Huanglian ointment group on PID 3 and 7 were (35:± 12)％ and (62 ± 10) ％ respectively,significantly higher than those of vehicle group [(17 ± 12) ％ and (34 ± 6) ％,with t values respectively-2.48 and-5.25,P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01].The percentage of double positive cells of α-SMA and Ki-67 in tissue of wounds of mice in Huanglian ointment group on PID 14 was (25 ± 5) ％,significantly lower than that of vehicle group [(44 ± 17) ％,t =2.50,P ＜ 0.05].The percentage of double positive cells of α-SMA and Ki-67 in tissue of wounds of mice on PID 7 was significantly higher than that on PID 3 or 14 in Huanglian ointment group (with P values below 0.01).Percentages of double positive cells of α-SMA and Ki-67 in tissue of wounds of mice on PID 7 and 14 were significantly higher than those on the previous time points in vehicle group (with P values below 0.05).(4) Protein expressions of TGF-β in tissue of wounds of mice in Huanglian ointment group on PID 3 and 7 were (396 ± 45) and (722 ± 96) pg/mL respectively,significantly higher than those of vehicle group [(290 ± 42) and (382 ± 62) pg/mL,with t values respectively-8.17 and-6.65,P values below 0.01].Protein expressions of TGF-β in tissue of wounds of mice in two groups were close on PID 14 (t =1.60,P ＞ 0.05).The protein expression of TGF-β in tissue of wounds of mice in Huanglian ointment group on PID 7 was significantly higher than that on P1D 3 or 14 (with P values below 0.01).Protein expressions of TGF-β in tissue of wounds of mice in vehicle group on PID 7 and 14 were significantly higher than those on the previous time points (with P values below 0.05).Protein expressions of collagen in tissue of wounds of mice in two groups were close on PID 3 (t =1.99,P ＞ 0.05).Protein expressions of collagen in tissue of wounds of mice in Huanglian ointment on PID 7 and 14 were (47 ± 10) and (70 ± 14) ng/mL respectively,significantly higher than those of vehicle group [(34 ± 10) and (42 ± 12) ng/mL,with t values respectively 3.15 and 3.52,P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01].Protein expressions of collagen in tissue of wounds of mice in two groups on PID 7 and 14 were significantly higher than those on the previous time points of the same group (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Huanglian ointment can promote wound healing of full-thickness skin defect of mice through increasing production of myofibroblasts and protein expressions of TGF-β and collagen.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on contraction capacity of diaphragm in type 1 diabetic rats.
 METHODS: Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group (NC), a diabetic group (DM), a NaHS treatment group (DM+NaHS) and a NaHS group (NaHS) (n=8). Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin was utilized to establish diabetic rat model. After the modeling, the rats in the DM+NaHS and the NaHS groups were intraperitoneally injected with 28 μmol/kg NaHS solution. 8 weeks later, the diaphragm contractility was assessed by isolated draphragm strips perfusion. The peak twitch tension (Pt), maximum tetanic tension (Po) and maximal rates of contraction/relaxation (±dT/dtmax) were determined. The alterations in diaphragm ultrastructure were observed under electron microscopy. The diaphragm weight/body weight (DW/BW) was measured. The activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) were analyzed by spectrophotometric method. The mRNA levels of SERCA and prospholamban (PLB) in diaphragm were detected by RT-PCR.
 RESULTS: Compared with the NC group, there was no significant change in all measured index in the NaHS group (P>0.05), while Pt, Po and ±dT/dtmax were significantly decreased in the DM group (P<0.05). Transmission electron microscopy revealed obvious ultrastructural changes in the diaphragm. The DW/BW ratio and the activities of SDH, LDH and SERCA were decreased. The SERCA mRNA was decreased, while PLB mRNA was increased. Compared with the DM group, the diaphragm contractility and ultrastructure damage were improved in the DM+NaHS group. The DW/BW ratio and the activities of SDH, LDH and SERCA were increased. The SERCA mRNA was increased, while PLB mRNA was decreased (all P<0.05).
 CONCLUSION H(2)S can enhance the contraction capacity of diaphragm in type 1 diabetic rats, which is involved in regulating the activities of biological enzymes and the gene expressions of calcium regulatory proteins.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; physiopathology ; Diaphragm ; drug effects ; ultrastructure ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; pharmacology ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Male ; Muscle Contraction ; drug effects ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases ; metabolism ; Succinate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Sulfides ; pharmacology