Lymphatic metastasis in breast cancer is the most frequent route of metastasis,which is one of most pirotal factors generated comparatively earlier in determining breast cancer staging and electing therapeutic regimen.Lymphangiogenesis is the foundation of lymphatic metastasis.The PI3K/AKT/VEGF-C signal transduction pathway may exist in breast cancer lymphangiogenesis,in which AKT phosphorylation promotes breast cancer lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis.This article mainly reviews the adjusted effects of AKT phosphorylation in breast cancer lymphatic metastasis.

〔Abstract〕 Based on various visual softwares, the paper mines the data of SCI papers and published patents on Eastern Equine En-cephalitis ( EEE) during 1995-2015.2, analyzes the overall development, patent technology life circle, research area, cooperation and competition among countries/districts, basic information of institutes or outstanding individuals.The characteristics of various visual soft-wares are showed, the libraries should master data mining and information visualization technology, so as to provide consulting service to satisfy the deep level and personalized demands of users.

Objective Two single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in TBX1 gene,G2857C(rs737868)and G2963A(rs28649236),were chosen to investigate their distribution in contruncal defects(CTD)patients and normal controls in order to determine the relationship between TBX1 gene and CTD.Methods By PCR-RFLP,genotypes of these two SNPs were analyzed in 100 patients with CTD and 100 normal controls during Mar.2004 to May.2006. 2 test was applied to analyze the genotype frequency and allele frequency between CTD groups and control groups.Results Remarkable significance were observed at G2963A between CTD groups and normal controls,the G allele frequency in CTD groups were much higher than that in normal controls(?2=5.30,P

Objective To investigate the relationship between miR-411 and breast cancer,and the expression of miR-411 and its effects and mechanism research on proliferation and metastasis in breast cancer.Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of miR411 in breast cancer cells and tissues.Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT),clone formation assay and Transwell assay were used to detect the effect of miR-411 expression on the proliferation,migration and invasion in breast cancer cells.The effect of miR-411 on growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) expression in breast cancer cells was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot.The direct effect of miR-411 target on GRB2 was detected by dual luciferase reporter assay.MTT,clone formation assay and Transwell assay detect the effect of GRB2 expression on the proliferation and invasion in breast cancer cells.Detection the effect high expression of miR-411 on GRB2 downstream signaling pathway related molecules expression in breast cancer cell with Western blot.Results The expression of miR-411 in breast cancer tissues was significantly lower than that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P ＜ 0.05).The expression of miR-411 in breast cancer cells SK-BR-3,BT-549 and MDA-MB-231 was significantly lower (P ＜ 0.05).Compared to the negative control group,the transfection of miR-411 mimic inhibited the proliferation,migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (P ＜ 0.05).Targetscan showed that miR-411 could bind to GRB2 3'UTR at position 741-747.Compared with the negative control group,GRB2 3'UTR wild-type plasmid and miR-411 co-transfection reduced the fluorescence activity (P ＜ 0.05).Transfection of siGRB2 significantly reduced the expression of GRB2 protein in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (P ＜ 0.05).Compared to the negative control group,the inhibition of GRB2 expression reduced the proliferation and the number of colony formation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (P ＜ 0.05).Transwell assay showed that transfection of siGRB2 significantly reduced the number of invasive cells in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions miR-411 is related closely to the occurrence and development of breast cancer,miR-411-GRB2-Ras axis is expected to become a new target for biological treatment of breast cancer.

Objective To observe the relationship between hemoglobin (Hb) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum of the patients with cancer. Methods Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect VEGF levels in serum of the patients with cancers. Results The serum level of VEGF in the cancer group are significantly higher than that in the control group. The serum level of VEGF in patients with low level of hemoglobin ( 123.5 g/L) ( P

Objective To analyze the nursing interventions of two kinds of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL),so that we can provide personalized service for patients with PCNL and improved quality of nursing. Methods 140 cases of patients undergoing PCNL were chosen from January 2010 to January 2012.70 of them received standard PCNL,another 70 cases were given tubeless PCNL.The same nursing method was given before the operation,and personalized nursing was given according to difference in operation method.A self-designed questionnaire was conducted for satisfaction degree with nursing service of all patients on discharge. Results Satisfaction degree with psychological care,catheter nursing and complication nursing of tubeless PCNL was higher than standard PCNL. Conclusions Two methods of PCNL have become conventional therapy for upper urinary calculus,and careful nursing is very important,especially for tubeless PCNL.

Objective To study the early and mid-term outcome in terms of left ventricular(LV)geometry and function in patients with transposition of great arteries with intact ventricular septum (TGA/IVS) undergoing arterial switch operation.Methods Twenty patients were followed up and divided into 2 groups according to age:the earlier group and the later group.Age and sexual matched controls were also designed as control group 1 and control group 2.LV posterior wall thickness(PWTd),dimension(LVIDd)and length(L) at end diastolic phase,LV end-diastolic volume (EDV),end-systolic volume (ESV),ejection fraction (EF),mitral valve early (E) and late (A) inflow velocities and E/A,isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) were obtained by two-dimensional echocardiography,normalized isovolumic relaxation time (IVRTn),wall thickness index (PWTd/LVIDd) and LV geometry index(LVIDd/L) were calculated,and these indexes between groups were compared.Results ①Compared with control group 1,PWTd in earlier group was higher [(0.41 + 0.06)cm vs (0.36 + 0.05)cm,P =0.022],but LVIDd had no significant statistical difference [(2.08 + 0.21)cm vs (2.21 + 0.23)cm,P =0.117],indicating PWTd/ LVIDd differed between groups(0.20 + 0.04 vs 0.16 + 0.01 P =0.001).②No abnormalities were observed in later group.③Compared with different age groups in TGA,EDV,ESV,L,LVIDd,PWTd were significantly higher in later group(P =0.000).There were obvious correlations between EDV,ESV,L,LVIDd and examined age (r =0.90,0.83,0.73,0.90,P =0.000,R2 =0.809,0.694,0.528,0.808) while there were no significant correlation between PWTd and examined age(r =0.56,P =0.000,R2 =0.309).Conclusions Early after operation,LV is undergoing hypertrophy or hyperplasia in TGA/IVS,but will recover in the mid-term period,and the function is normal all the time indicating that the LV myocardium may avoided irreversible pathological changes if operated in time.All in all,LV develops well in mid-term period.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate which inflammatory markers allow an accurate differentiation of septic and gouty arthritis.Methods In 2013 January to 2014 January 33 patients with septic arthritis and 29 patients with gouty arthritis.Detected white blood cells,C-reactive protein and uric acid of inflammatory markers in plasma and tested lac-tate,glucose,uric acid,lactate dehydrogenase and white blood cell count inflammatory markers in the synovial fluid.MedCalc 13.0 software were used for statistical analysis.Results There were no significantly different between serum C-reaction protein and WBC counts with two groups.Synovial lactate showed the greatest diagnostic potential (AUC=0.898,sensitivi-ty=96.9%,specificity=72.4%)followed by serum uric acid (AUC=0.818)and synovial uric acid (AUC=0.808).Con-clusion Lactate in the synovial fluid has excellent diagnostic potential to differ septic arthritis from gouty arthritis.Synovial lactate levers above 1.7 mmol/L almost proofed septic arthritis.

Objective To compare the clinical effects of needle buried suture and the posterior wall of vagina mucosa excision vaginal tightening surgery for the treatment of mild to moderate vaginal relaxation.Methods A total of 71 patients with mild to moderate vaginal relaxation were randomly divided into observation group (39 cases) and control group (32 cases).The patients in the observation group were given buried lead needle suture,and the control group were treated with posterior wall of vagina mucosa resection.Analysis of two groups was conducted in patients with operation time,intraoperative bleeding,vaginal secretion color,postoperative wound healing and complications;sexual satisfaction was evaluated after 6,12 and 24 months in two groups of patients.Results There was no significant difference between two groups in operation time and vaginal secretion color (P＞ 0.05).Intraoperative blood loss was much more in the observation group than those in the control group,with statistically significant differences between the two groups [(6.23±2.43) ml vs (15.79 ± 7.31) ml,P＜0.05)].The follow-up for a number of months showed that sexual satisfaction had significant difference between the two groups (P＜0.05).None of the patients had rectal or urethral injury,no fistula,incision infection or other complications occurred,and the incision healed in stage Ⅰ.Conclusions For patients with mild to moderate vaginal relaxation,buried lead needle suture vaginal tightening surgery does not damage the vaginal mucosa,no scar,and fewer complications,which is a more simple and effective method to improve the quality of life in patients with vaginal relaxation.

Objective To investigate the development and dynamic changes of host immune response in DBA/2 mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii 17XL. Methods Female DBA/2 mice were infected by intraperitoneal ( i. p. ) injection of 106 P. yoelii 17XL parasitized erythrocytes ( PRBC). Levels of IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and P. yoelii 17XL-specific antibody in sera were measured by ELISA. Concentrations of NO in cell supernatants were measured by the Griess reaction. Parasitemia,percentage of mononuclear-macrophages of individual mice were monitored daily, and phagocytosis of mononuclear macrophages was also observed. Results Primary parasitemia in vein blood was developed on day 3 postinfection, which peaked with a level of 46. 9% on day 9. Most mice cleared the infection and survived by day 20 postinfection. From day 6 to day 16, the phagocytosis of PRBC by rodent macrophages was observed on the blood smear. Infected mice had a continuously increased level of IL-12 in serum from day 1 postinfection. Accordingly, high level of IFN-γ was also detected in sera from day 1 postinfection,which peaked on day 6. Infected mice produced higher level of IL-4 and IL-10 in serum on day 6 postinfection, which peaked on day 9 and day 15 postinfection respectively. In addition, splenocytes from infected mice produced significantly higher level of NO on day 6 and 20 postinfection. Level of P. yoelii 17XL-specific IgG was determined in the sera of infected mice with a steadily increased trend after infection, which peaked on day 70 postinfection. Conclusions Effective polarizing of Thl cells is significant in inhibition of parasitemia and eventual clearance of the Plasmodium parasites. Activated mononuclear-macrophages play a key role in inhibiting parasitemia in the early phase of infection with P. yoelii 17XL.