Objective To investigate the predisposing factors and fungal characteristics of nosocomial fungal infection (NFI) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods The fungal characteristics and laboratory indices were analyzed in patients with and without NFI secondary to CKD. Results The most common infection site of NFI in 65 cases patients with CKD was urinary tract (25 man-times, 38.46%), and the second common site was digestive tract (20 man-times, 30.77%). The most common pathogenic fungus was Candida albicans (68.49%), followed by Candida tropicalis (17.81%). The sensitivity of Candida albicans to fluconazol was 90%. The predisposing factors included prolonged length of stay, anaemia, malnutrition, hypogammaglobulinemia, mass proteinuria, renal insufficiency, and the use of large dose of broad spectrum antibiotics, prednisone and cytoxan. Conclusion CKD may predispose to NFI, and the most common fungus is Candida albicans,so the predisposing factors should be controlled so as to prevent NFI among patients with CKD.

The mature Wistar rats were fed with high lipid diet for 8 weeks together with 3 levels (30, 60, or 120mg/day) of dl-?-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. At the end of the experiment, serum vitamin E and lipids were measured by fluorescence analysis and enzymologic method, liver crude fat was measured by Soxhlet method, liver glycogen content and fat accumulation in parenchymal cells were estimated by histo-chemical procedure and liver lipid peroxidation was evaluated by fluorescence analysis respectively. The results showed that the high lipid diet induced hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver associated with a decrease in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and an increase in liver peroxidation. Overall vitamin E caused no significant decrease in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and no significant increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol level, except serum vitamin E level had a positive correlation with serum cholesterol level, but could inhibit the neutral fat accumulation in liver cells and liver peroxidation in rats.The levels of serum cholesterol, or the serum vitamin E and VE/CHO were higher in females than those in males significantly when dl-a-tocopheryl acetate was given to the rats fed with high lipid diet.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Huobahuagen Tablets combined with irbesartan on the risk factors of IgA nephropathy. METHODS: Sixty-two patients diagnosed as IgA nephropathy were randomly divided into control group and treatment group. Thirty patients in the control group were treated with Huobahuagen Tablets (5 tablets po t.i.d.), and 32 patients in the treatment group were treated with irbesartan (150 to 300 mg po q.d.), besides the same treatment as the control group. After 3 months of treatment, the levels of blood pressure (BP), 24 h urine protein (Upr), urinary red blood cells (URBC), blood triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), albumin (Alb), alanine transaminase (ALT), white blood cells (WBC) and serum creatinine (Scr) were observed. RESULTS: After treatment, the levels of Upr, URBC and Scr in both groups were decreased, as compared with those before treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the levels of BP, Upr, URBC and Scr in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.01). The levels of Alb in both groups were increased, as compared with those before treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the level of Alb in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Huobahuagen Tablets, when used together with irbesartan, may improve the renal function of the patients with IgA nephropathy and slow the deterioration of the disease by reducing BP, Upr, URBC and Scr.

BACKGROUND:The thickness of ceramic materials plays a crucial role in the reappearance of veneer restorations. Due to the limited space for the construction of porcelain veneer, it is difficult to cover the abutment tooth color, and the final color after restorations is achieved through the overlapping of prosthetic restorations color and abutment tooth color. In recent years, there is little evidence on the effect of veneer materials on the color. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the color matching of porcelain veneer restorations with different ceramic materials to shade tab. METHODS:Fifteen veneer restorations were fabricated by three ceramic materials (VITA Mark II, Ivoclar E.max LTCAD and Ivoclar E.max CAD Multi, A2 shade). Veneer restorations were controled at the thickness of 0.6 mm. The color parameters of veneer restorations were measured by Olympus Crystaleye against the natural color shade resin material substrate. The color differences were calculated between veneer restoration and shade tab (A2 shade) at the cervical, central and incisal sections, respectively. The color differences (?E values) were statisticaly analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The color value of E.max CAD LT block was the closest one among the three blocks to the standard shade guide. The results of one-way analysis of variance for the ?E values showed that, there were significant differences between the cervical sections of the veneer restorations and the shade guide (P< 0.05). At the cervical sections, the ?E values between three kinds of blocks with the standard shade guide showed significant differences (P < 0.05); the differences were also significant in L values at the central and incisal sections, a values at the incisal sections and b value at the shoulder sections (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that, there are significant differences in the color of porcelain veneer restorations with different ceramic materials to shade tab. The difference is also found among the three sections of the veneer restorations. In the clinical application, the final prosthesis color effects should be noted, which can change by surface staining and bonding technology.

By analyzing relevant documents of procurement of drugs with target quantity in Shanghai, com-bined with onsite investigations and interviews, this paper summarizes the practice of procurement of drugs with target quantity in Shanghai from six aspects, namely the basic situation of centralized procurement, pilot scope and variety of procurement of drugs with target quantity, business qualification and certification, determination of successful bid-der, drug distribution, and drug payment settlement. This paper argues that Shanghai has successfully implemented the policy of procurement of drugs with target quantity, by scientifically establishing a comprehensive evaluation index of quality, setting up private drug procurement accounts, prepaying drug procurement loans and strengthening plat-form services and regulatory capabilities, in order to effectively guarantee the operation of procurement of drugs with target quantity. From this case study of Shanghai, it can draw the following implications that in order to successfully achieve procurement of drugs with target quantity mechanism, setting up functional departments of unified authority is the most important guarantee, and using technical means and platform building is the basic conditions. Therefore, the setting up of economic and technical bidding should focus on the individual properties of generic drugs, and the pro-moting of tripartite system reform will help to further expand the scope of procurement of drugs with target quantity.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the establishment of a system of expired medicine recycling in China. METHODS:The experience of developed countries with respect to the system of expired medicine recycling was summed up,and the existing problems about the recycling of expired medicines in China were considered to make suggestions to the establishment of a system of medicine recycling in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Generally,the developed countries such as Britain, France,Germany and America treat expired medicines as hazardous wastes in the Environmental Protection Law,Waste Disposal Law and other laws,and have basically standardized the recycling of expired medicines. The projects of recycling expired medi-cines in those countries are usually funded by their governments or enterprises of manufacturing or selling medicines,where the medicines were recycled at designated places or on a regular basis or by post,executed by pharmacists and pharmacies,and then disposed on the basis of classification or burned and buried at dumps. However,currently there are no laws and regulations and spe-cial funds for medicine recycling in China,leading to people’s lacking of enthusiasm to recycle the expired medicines. It is suggest-ed that China should take such measures as soon as possible,including establishing and improving the laws and regulations of ex-pired medicine recycling,distinguishing the reasonably determination and disposition of different types of expired medicines,accel-erating the reform of the medical insurance payment system,giving full play to the pharmacist’s role of medication guidance,and fully increasing information transparency.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the management of re-use of single-use devices (SUDs) in China. METH-ODS:The management situation of SUDs use in China and the management policy of SUDs re-use in America and Germany were introduced,the published literature of SUDs re-use was researched and the safety and ethicality were analyzed and discussed. RE-SULTS:China had no regulation for the clear definition of the range,standards and requirements of SUDs re-use;America and Germany had well-management for the SUDs re-use with different modes. Literature analysis showed that there were 3 results for the SUDs re-use,including supporting,opposition and classified management. In terms of safety,SUDs re-use needs the base of specific species and disinfection operations;in terms of ethicality,SUDs re-use should focus on the right to know of patients and the effects on cost savings and environment. CONCLUSIONS:China should establish and improve the management policy of SUDs re-use,develop the classification assessment of re-use,encourage third-party organizations participating in the recycling of SUDs and strengthen the monitoring of adverse reactions,etc.

OBJECTIVE:To study the development and status quo of narcotics and psychotropic substances (NPS) in China since 1949,and to provide evidence for perfection of NPS control work in China. METHODS:The development and status quo of controlled substances control by China since 1949 were summarized and analyzed through retrieving and collecting literatures,re-ports and policies about NPS from domestic and foreign databases,news reports and related website. RESULTS & CONCLU-SIONS:Chinese narcotics and psychotropic substances control dated back to the release of Interim Regulations on Narcotics Con-trol in 1950 and Regulations on Narcotics Control,Drug Administration Law and other regulations have been issued. It had experi-enced the progress from no legal basis to having laws to follow and from executive-leading to legalization. Narcotics and psychotro-pic substances were gradually unified in systematic control,and the level of regulations rised from department rules to administra-tion regulation. At present,with Regulations on Narcotics and Psychotropic Drugs Control (2005) as regulatory basis and cata-logue of narcotics and psychotropic substances(2013)as object,China Food and Drug Administration are in charge of the national regulation,cooperating with health department,agricultural department,traffic department and other departments.

OBJECTIVE:To study the development and status quo of controlled drugs control in Britain,and to provide evi-dence for narcotics and psychotropic substances(NPS)control in China. METHODS:The development and status quo of NPS con-trol by Britain were summarized and studied through retrieving and collecting literatures,reports and policies about NPS from do-mestic and foreign databases,news reports and international website. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:British control for controlled drugs dated back to Pharmacy Act in 1868,and Britain was the first country to control drugs by legislations. A unique British sys-tem of narcotics control was established and improved after issued Rolleston Report and two pieces of Brain Report in Britain. Final-ly,the British system of narcotics control was established,which combined public health prevention with judicial redress. At pres-ent,controlled drugs are classified and controlled by Advisory Committee on Drug Abuse,Serious Organised Crime Agency and National Drug Abuse Treatment Agency subordinated to Ministry of Interior,based on Misuse of Drugs Act.

OBJECTIVE:To study the development and status quo of controlled substances control in the United States,and to provide evidence for narcotics and psychotropic substances (NPS) control in China. METHODS:The development and status quo of controlled substances control by the United States were summarized and studies through retrieving and collecting literatures,re-ports and policies about NPS from domestic and foreign databases,news reports and international website. RESULTS & CONCLU-SIONS:The United States'control for controlled substances dated back to Harrison Narcotics Tax Act in 1914,and the United States is the first nation to control narcotics addiction through the form of tax law after International Opium Convention is executed. Thereafter,the United States gradually extend the range by including cannabis,heroin and psychotropic substances into control range of Narcotics Drugs Import and Export Act,Heroin Act,Marijuana Tax Act,revising and developing comprehensive act Con-trolled Substances Act,and establishing comprehensive law enforcement agency Controlled Substances Enforcement Administration affiliated to Ministry of Justice by Nixon'sWar on Drugsplan.