OBJECTIVE:To shorten time consuming for dispensing mode of automatic medicine packaging machine(ATC), and improve the efficiency of ATC. METHODS:In the inpatient pharmacy of our hospital,previous dispensing mode that two ATC matched with one tablet case separately was replaced by new mode,i.e. one ATC(another ATC was on standby)matched with two tablet cases(one of them added medicine beforehand),and the information of drug-position coordinate was equipped. The time con-sumed,average daily number of packages,financial expenses and labor costs were recorded and analyzed to evaluated the effect of new mode. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Compared with previous mode,new dispensing mode improve the efficiency of ATC greatly. In previous mode,two ATCs and four pharmacists work simultaneously and spend 4.5 hours for 3 850 bags of medicine, which cost 4 400 000 yuan;in new mode,only one ATC and three pharmacists work simultaneously,and spend 3.0 hours for 4 015 bags of medicine,which cost 2 350 000 yuan. Therefore,double-universal tablet cases greatly improves the efficiency of ATC and reduce the financial expenses as machine maintenance and labor cost.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the pharmacodynamics of active parts in crude Atractylodes lancea and A. lancea fired with bran. METHODS:170 rats were randomly divided into 17 groups,including blank control group,spleen and stomach damp obstruction model group,volatile oil of crude A. lancea and A. lancea fired with bran high-dose and low-dose(0.747,0.083 mg/ml by the concentration of crude medicinal materials,similarly hereinafter)groups,solvent control 2% polysorbate 80 group,dichlo-romethane extract of crude A. lancea and A. lancea fired with bran high-dose and low-dose groups,solvent control 1‰ polysorbate 80 group,n-butyl alcohol extract of crude A. lancea and A. lancea fired with bran high-dose and low-dose groups,solvent control stomach damp obstruction model distilled water control group. Except blank control group,other 16 groups were given Sennae foli-um decoction ig for 14 d to induce spleen and stomach damp obstruction model,and then received relevant medicine or solvent ig once a day for consecutive 7 d. Body weight of rats were determined before and after medication,and the serum levels of amylase, D-xylose,gastrin,vasoactive intestinal peptide and NO were determined after medication. RESULTS:Compared with spleen and stomach damp obstruction model group,the body weight and serum levels of gastrin,amylase and D-xylose increased significantly in rats of active part in A. lancea fired with bran groups(P<0.05),while vasoactive intestinal peptide and NO decreased signifi-cantly(P<0.05). Compared active part in crude A. lancea group,except the body weight,above indicators of active part in A. lan-cea fired with bran groups had greater change,with statistical significance (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:There are pharmacody-namic differences in the active parts between crude A. lancea and A. lancea fired with bran,the latter one is stronger.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of theaflavins on thymus injury caused by total body irradiation (TBI).Methods Twenty-five C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups:control group,4 Gy TBI group,4 Gy TBI + 25 mg/kg theaflavins group,4 Gy TBI + 50 mg/kg theaflavins group and 4 Gy TBI + 100 mg/kg theaflavins group.Thymus index and total number of thymocytes were detected at the 14th d post-irradiation to determine the optimal dose of theaflavins.According to this optimal dose,32 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group,theaflavins group,4 Gy TBI group and 4 Gy TBI + theaflavins group.Thymus histomorphology,CD4CD8 T cell subsets,and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in thymocytes were examined at the 14th d post-irradiation.Results The irradiated thymus exhibited decreased thymus index and total number of thymocytes (P ＜ 0.05),aberrant histomorphology and T cell subsets (P ＜ 0.05),and increased ROS level in thymocytes (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with 4 Gy TBI group,the thymus index and total number of thymocytes were significantly increased in 4 Gy TBI + 50 mg/kg theaflavins group (P ＜ 0.05).The total number of thymocytes was significantly higher in 4 Gy TBI + 50 mg/kg theaflavins group than that in 4 Gy TBI + 25 mg/kg theaflavins group (P ＜ 0.05).Therefore,50 mg/kg theaflavins was chosen as the optimal dose for subsequent experiments.Moreover,the aberrant histomorphology of irradiated thymus was alleviated by theaflavins.A decline in the percentage of CD4-CD8-T cells and an elevation of CD4+CD8-and CD4+CD8+ T cells were found in irradiated mice administered with theaflavins (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with 4 Gy TBI group,the ROS level was significantly decreased in 4 Gy TBI + theaflavins group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Theaflavins exhibits a protective effect on radiation-induced thymus injury.

Objective To observe the protective effect of anthocyanin on irradiation induced bone marrow c-kit positive cell injury, and further explore its possible mechanism. Methods Mouse bone marrow c-kit positive cells were collected by cell sorting method. There were 2 groups: control group and anthocyanin group, which were sub-divided into three groups and received 0 Gy, 1 Gy and 4 Gy irradiation respectively. The control group was added 700μL cell suspension and an equal volume of serum-free hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell culture medium. The 2 × 10-5 mol/L anthocyanin was co-cultured with mouse bone marrow c-kit positive cells of anthocyanin group half an hour before irradiation exposure, then cells were cultured for 18 hours under the conventional culture conditions (37℃,5%CO2). Mouse c-kit positive cell viability was measured by bioluminescence, and which was reflected by relative light units (RLU). The ability of colony-forming units was reflected by CFU-GM. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ofγ-H2AX were detected by flow cytometry. Results Compared to un-irradiated control group, the cell viability and the number of CFU-GM were decreased significantly, while the ROS level and MFI ofγ-H2AX were increased in c-kit positive cells irradiated with 1 Gy and 4 Gy (P<0.05). Compared to 1 Gy and 4 Gy irradiation groups, c-kit positive cell viability and the number of CFU-GM were increased, the ROS level and MFI of γ-H2AX were decreased in anthocyanin group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Anthocyanin exhibits a promising protective effect on radiation-induced bone marrow c-kit positive cell injury, which may be related to the alleviating ROS and DNA damage in bone marrow cells.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on radiation-induced hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) injury.Methods Totally 32 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups with 8 mice in each group,including control,HRW,radiation and radiation + HRW.Mice in HRW and radiation + HRW groups received 0.5 ml hydrogen-rich water per day by intragastric administration 5 min before irradiation until 7 d post-irradiation.Mice in other groups received 0.5 ml distilled water.Mice in radiation and radiation + HRW group were irradiated with 2 Gy of total body irradiation.Bone marrow cells were isolated at 15 d post-irradiation,and LSK cells were examined for the percentage of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells,the ability of colony formation and reconstitution,reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and cell apoptosis.Results Compared with radiation group,the percentages of hematopoietic progenitor cells and LSK cells,colony number of bone marrow cells were significantly increased in radiation + HRW group (t =-4.935,-7.898,5.488,P ＜ 0.05).An elevation of donor chimerism was also found in recipient mice administered HRW after competitive bone marrow transplantation (t =-12.769,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with radiation group,the ROS levels and cell apoptosis in LSK cells were significantly decreased (t =4.380,3.954,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Hydrogen-rich water exhibited a protective effect on radiation-induced HSPCs injury.

Objective To detect the lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with early syphilis ,so as to know their immunity con‐dition and guide clinical treatment .Methods Flow cytometry was used to detect CD3+ ,CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subpopula‐tions in peripheral blood from 59 volunteers ,including 20 normal individuals (Cont group) ,10 patients with primary syphilis (PS group) ,15 patients with secondary syphilis (SS group) and 14 patients with early latent syphilis (ELS group) .Results CD3+ , CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulations in each syphilis groups were higher than Cont group .SS group had the highest CD3+level ,second was PS group ,and third was ELS group .There was significant difference among three groups (P<0 .05) .The CD3+level of SS group was significantly higher than that of Cont group (P<0 .05) .ELS group had the highest CD4+ level ,second was SS group ,third was PS group .The difference of CD4+ level was significant among three groups (P<0 .05) .PS group had the high‐est CD8+ level ,second was SS group ,third was ELS group .However ,the difference of CD8+ level among three groups was not sig‐nificant (P>0 .05) .There was no significant difference of CD4+ /CD8+ among three groups(P>0 .05) .Conclusion Cytoimmunity in early syphilis enhances ,which could be benefit to eliminate Treponema Pallidum .

Objective:To analyze the effects of different blood pressure variables and their variabilities on diabetic nephropathy(DN)in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods:This prospective cohort study included 3 050 type 2 diabetic patients without DN at baseline from Lee′s clinic in Taiwan, China. The metabolic parameters of patients were regularly checked, and urine albumin creatinine ratio(UACR)were evaluated annually. The average follow-up period was 7 years(3-10 years). The means and standard deviations(SD)of systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP), pulse pressure(PP), and mean arterial pressure(MAP)were calculated. According to whether SBP-Mean was higher or lower than 130 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) and SBP-SD was higher or lower than 11.06 mmHg(average SBP-SD), these patients were divided into four groups: Q1(SBP-Mean<130 mmHg, SBP-SD<11.06 mmHg); Q2(SBP-Mean<130 mmHg, SBP-SD≥11.06 mmHg); Q3(SBP-Mean≥130 mmHg, SBP-SD<11.06 mmHg); Q4(SBP-Mean≥130 mmHg, SBP-SD≥11.06 mmHg). In the same way, according to whether PP-Mean was higher or lower than 80 mmHg(average PP-Mean)and PP-SD was higher or lower than 6.48 mmHg(average PP-SD), the patients were divided into Q1-Q4 groups.Results:After adjusting age, sex, and diabetes duration, Cox regression analysis showed that SBP-Mean, SBP-SD, PP-Mean, and PP-SD were the risk factors of DN. After the stratification according to SBP-Mean and SBP-SD, the patients in Q4 group( HR=1.976, P<0.001)had the highest risk while those in Q1 group displayed the lowest risk for DN. Additionally, the patients in Q3 group( HR=1.614, P<0.001)imposed a higher risk than that in Q2 group( HR=1.408, P<0.001). By stratificating the patients based on PP-Mean and PP-SD, the patients in Q4 group revealed the highest risk of DN( HR=1.370, P<0.001)while those in Q1 group had the lowest risk. In addition, the patients in Q3 group( HR=1.266, P<0.001)had a higher risk of DN compared with those in Q2 group( HR=1.212, P<0.001). Conclusion:SBP and PP variabilities are the predictors of DN in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective To analyze the influence of smoking on deaths in residents aged 35-79 years and the effects of smoking cessation in Tianjin. Methods The data of 39499 death cases aged 35-79 years in 2016 in Tianjin were collected, the risks for deaths caused by smoking related diseases and excess deaths as well as effects of smoking cessation were analyzed after adjusting 5 year old age group, education level and marital status. Results Among the 39499 deaths cases, 1589 (13.56%) were caused by smoking, the percentage of the excess mortality of lung cancer caused by smoking was highest (47.60%);the risk of death due to lung cancer in smokers was 2.75 times higher than that in non-smokers (95%CI:2.47-3.06). Among the female deaths, 183 (7.29%) were caused by smoking, the percentage of the excess mortality of lung cancer was highest (28.90%);and the risk of death of lung cancer in smokers was 4.04 times higher than that in non-smokers (95%CI:3.49-4.68). The OR for disease in ex-smokers was 0.80 compared with 1.00 in smokers (95%CI: 0.72-0.90). The OR in males who had quitted smoking for≥10 years was lower (0.74, 95%CI:0.63-0.86) than that in those who had quitted smoking for 1-9 years (0.85, 95%CI:0.74-0.98), but the difference was not significant. Conclusion Smoking is one of the most important risk factors for deaths in residents in Tianjin. Smoking cessation can benefit people's health.

Objective: To understand the status quo of smoking and change pattern of smoking related behaviors in the past 20 years in the urban adults in Tianjin. Methods: Data was from the study of Chinese Chronic Disease and Risk Factors (2015). Multi stage stratified random sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey in 7 surveillance sites in Tianjin. Results: in the urban residents aged>20 years were compared with those in surveys in 1996 and 2010. Results In 2015, the smoking rate in men and women aged>20 years in Tianjin were 41.1% and 4.5% respectively. The average age of starting smoking was (19.2±4.7) years for men and (24.8±10.9) years for women, showing a younger age trend. Compared with the data from 1996 and 2010, the smoking rate in the urban residents was in decrease, but the rate of successful smoking cessation was in increase in 2015, the differences were significant. Conclusions Since 1996, the rate of smoking in the urban residents of Tianjin has been in decline, however it is still at a high level, especially in women. The average age of starting smoking remains to be younger. It is necessary to strengthen the health education about harm of smoking in adolescents.

Objective: To observe the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between 1999 and 2013 in Tianjin residents and analyze the incidence differences on residents with various age, gender and living in urban or rural areas. The data might help for targeted prevention strategies among Tianjin residents. Methods: AMI incidence data between 1999 and 2013 were obtained based on Tianjin cardiovascular disease incidence surveillance registry established by the Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Related information such as permanent residents′ population data were obtained from Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau. The Chinese population data in 2000 were used for age-sex-standardized rates estimation. Difference between two (or more) independent groups was compared by the Chi Square statistics. The Chi-square test for trend was used for computing the incidence trend in years and ages. Results: AMI incidence rate in Tianjin declined from the year 1999 to 2013 with the rude incidence rate of 80.46/100 000 to 81.29/100 000, and with the standardized incidence rate of 64.85/100 000 to 44.57/100 000 (Z=-35.767, P<0.001). AMI incidence decreased gradually in residents aged over 45 years old (P<0.01), but increased in residents younger than 45 years old (P<0.001) from 1999 to 2013. The AMI incidence rate is consistently higher in male residents (rude incidence 99.89/100 000-102.98/100 000, standardized incidence rate 78.53/100 000-56.61/100 000) than in female residents (rude incidence 61.18/100 000-59.44/100 000, standardized incidence rate 50.31/100 000-31.76/100 000, both P<0.001) and higher in urban residents (rude incidence rate 133.98/100 000-98.02/100 000, standardized incidence rate 99.89/100 000-50.12/100 000) than in rural residents (rude incidence rate 35.57/100 000-66.19/100 000, standardized incidence rate 32.68/100 000-43.51/100 000, Z=6.217, P<0.001). AMI incidence decreased significantly in the urban residents (rude incidence rate 133.98/100 000-98.02/100 000, standardized incidence rate 99.89/100 000-50.12/100 000, Z=-46.968, P<0.001), while significantly increased in rural residents (rude incidence rate 35.57/100 000-66.19/100 000, standardized incidence rate 32.68/100 000-43.51/100 000, Z=6.217, P<0.001) during the study period. Conclusions The general incidence of AMI decreased during the study period in Tianjin residents. However, AMI incidence significantly increased in young male residents and rural residents. It is necessary to develop corresponding strategies for AMI control for Tianjin residents with different age/gender and living in different areas.