Based on the word-formation of Medical English terms,this paper gives a comprehensive analysis of their transformation and adaptation in Chinese language and culture.Three major factors are discussed for the application and diversification of medical English terms,including the language family in translation,linguistic context,situational context and cultural context.

Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of rectally administered indomethacin for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis(PEP).Methods All eligible patients without high risk factors such as heart,lung,liver and kidney,coagulation dysfunction,without malignant disease and contraindication for NSAIDs,and pre-operative imaging study and lab test suggesting no pancreatitis,aged from 18 ～ 75 who underwent ERCP and EST were enrolled.In a randomized prospective trial,patients were randomized to receive a suppository containing indomethacin,100 mg,or an identical placebo 30 minutes after ERCP.PEP was diagnosed when there was pancreatitis related clinical symptoms,and serum amylase was higher than 3 times of the normal values,and when the patient needed more than 1 day hospitalization.Patients with PEP were evaluated with APACHE Ⅱ score 72 hours after ERCP.Results During 2004 ～ 2010,a total of 348 patients were enrolled,of which 182 received indomethacin and 166 received placebo.Six patients developed pancreatitis in the indomethacin group and 14 in the placebo group (3.3％ vs.8.4％,P ＜0.05),and the difference between the two group was statistically significant ( P ＜ 0.05 ).In those patients with PEP,the APACHE Ⅱ scores in indomethacin group (4.3 ± 1.3 ) were lower than that in the placebo group (7.4 ±1.7),and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The incidence of hyperamylasemia in both groups was not statistically significant (9.3％ vs.10.8％,P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusions This trial shows that rectally administered indomethacin after ERCP and EST can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of PEP.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the pharmacodynamics of active parts in crude Atractylodes lancea and A. lancea fired with bran. METHODS:170 rats were randomly divided into 17 groups,including blank control group,spleen and stomach damp obstruction model group,volatile oil of crude A. lancea and A. lancea fired with bran high-dose and low-dose(0.747,0.083 mg/ml by the concentration of crude medicinal materials,similarly hereinafter)groups,solvent control 2% polysorbate 80 group,dichlo-romethane extract of crude A. lancea and A. lancea fired with bran high-dose and low-dose groups,solvent control 1‰ polysorbate 80 group,n-butyl alcohol extract of crude A. lancea and A. lancea fired with bran high-dose and low-dose groups,solvent control stomach damp obstruction model distilled water control group. Except blank control group,other 16 groups were given Sennae foli-um decoction ig for 14 d to induce spleen and stomach damp obstruction model,and then received relevant medicine or solvent ig once a day for consecutive 7 d. Body weight of rats were determined before and after medication,and the serum levels of amylase, D-xylose,gastrin,vasoactive intestinal peptide and NO were determined after medication. RESULTS:Compared with spleen and stomach damp obstruction model group,the body weight and serum levels of gastrin,amylase and D-xylose increased significantly in rats of active part in A. lancea fired with bran groups(P<0.05),while vasoactive intestinal peptide and NO decreased signifi-cantly(P<0.05). Compared active part in crude A. lancea group,except the body weight,above indicators of active part in A. lan-cea fired with bran groups had greater change,with statistical significance (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:There are pharmacody-namic differences in the active parts between crude A. lancea and A. lancea fired with bran,the latter one is stronger.

OBJECTIVE:To compare clinical efficacy of Xiaoshi lidan capsules and Ursodeoxycholic acid capsules in the treat-ment of chronic cholesterol gallstone cholecystitis. METHODS:120 patients with chronic cholesterol gallstone cholecystitis in our hospital were selected and divided into observation group and control group according to random number table,with 60 cases in each group. Observation group was given Xiaoshi lidan capsules 1.2 g,po,tid(after the meal);control group was given Ursodeoxycholic acid capsules 250 mg,po,qd(after dinner). Both group received treatment for 6 months. Effective rate of litholysis were observed in 2 groups as well as abdominal pain score [PRI,VAS score,present pain intensity(PPI)],the thickness of gallbladder wall before and after treatment. Clinical efficacy and the occurrence of ADR were compared between 2 groups during treatment. RESULTS:3 pa-tients withdrew from the observation group and 1 patient withdrew from the control group. Before treatment,there was no statistical significance in PRI,VAS score,PPI and the thickness of gallbladder wall between 2 groups(P>0.05). After treatment,above index-es of 2 groups were decreased significantly,while PRI,VAS score and PPI in observation group was significantly lower than in con-trol group,with statistical significance (P<0.05). The effective rate of litholysis (64.91%) in observation group was significantly lower than in control group (79.67%),with statistical significance (P<0.05). Total effective rate of observation group (57.89%) was slightly higher than that of control group(54.24%),without statistical significance(P>0.05). There was no statistical signifi-cance in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Xiaoshi lidan capsules are similar to Ursodeoxycholic acid capsules in clinical efficacy for chronic cholesterol gallstone cholecystitis with good safety,and can be used as optional drug ex-cept for chronic cholesterol gallstone cholecystitis.

Objective To explore the effect of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) on S100β expression in rat hippocampus and its mechanisms. Methods At 7 days after bilateral stereotaxis injection of different dose of fibrillar Aβ 25-35 and interluekin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) into the rat CA1 region, the learning and memory abilities of rats were tested with passive avoidance task. Amyloid deposition was detected by using Congo red staining technique. Nissl staining and immunohistochemical techniques were used to analyze the number of neurons, and GFAP and the S100β expression in hippocampal CA1 region , respectively. Results After fibrillar Aβ injection, the step-through latency of rats was significantly shortened compared to that of the control group. The GFAP positive astrocytes were found surrounding amyloid deposition. Neuronal loss occurred in the pyramidal cell layer of CA1 region. The number of S100β positive cells in Aβ-treated group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group. After IL-1ra injection, the number of S100β positive cells was significantly decreased. Conclusion Intrahippocampal injection of Aβ 25-35 could cause similar pathologic changes of Alzheimer's disease. Aβ 25-35 was capable of up-regulating S100β expression in a dose-dependent manner. The injection of IL-1ra could attenuate the effect of Aβ on S100β expression.

We investigated the roles of the crude antigen(CA) of Clonorchis sinensis and excretory secretory products (ESPs) in the polarization of Th1 and Th2 cells.Bone marrow-derived cells were generated from BALB/c mice and isolated into immature DCs;immature DCs were then treated with either CA (CA stimulated group),ESPs (ESPs stimulated group),LPS (positive control group) or PBS (negative control group) for 24 hours.Then the CD4+T cells were isolated from mouse spleen by using anti mouse-CD4 Microbeads,and further cocultured with stimulated DCs for another 72 hours.The purities of DCs and CD4+ T cells were evaluated by flow cytometry and the expressing levels of T-bet mRNA and GATA-3 mRNA were detected by real-time PCR.ELISA was used to detect the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines in the supernatant.mRNA levels of T-bet and GATA-3 in the ESPs group were higher than those in PBS-stimulated group (P＜0.05).The concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines in the culture were increased in the ESPs group,compared with PBS stimulated group(P＜0.05).IFN-γ but not IL-4 was increased in CA group (P＜0.05).The results implied that CA might play a role in Th1 type immune response,and ESPs likely play roles in both Th1 and Th2 immune responses.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of Shenghua decoction on hemorheology, thrombosis and microcirculation, and explore its approach and mechanism.

METHODThe main hemorheological indexes and endothelial function were detected in acute stress blood stasis rats. The thrombus wet weight and thrombus dry weight were measured in the rat model of venous thrombosis, and the inhibitory rates in the formation of venous thrombosis were calculated. The number of paralysis or dead after 1-15 min was calculated in mice, induced by tail intravenous injection of a mixture of collagen and Epinephrine. Blood flow and the across netting were also determined on capillary vessel of uterus microcirculation.

RESULTShenghua decoction reduce blood viscidity of the rats, reduce the thrombosis of the murine, and promote the microcirculation of the uterus in rats.

CONCLUSIONShenghua decoction has the ability of blood-activating and stasis-eliminating. It also has an anti-thrombotic effect and can promote microcirculation.

Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Hemorheology ; drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Microcirculation ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thrombosis ; prevention & control ; Uterus ; blood supply

To identify SJCHGC01743 gene of Schistosoma japonicum and evaluate the potential of the recombinant protein as a new vaccine candidate for schistosomiasis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to amplify the cDNA of the gene and real-time RT-PCR was used to analyze the transcription profiles of SJCHGC01743 at different development stages. Recombinant plasmid was successfully constructed and transformed into competent Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Then the recombinant protein was expressed, purified and emulsified with ISA206 adjuvant to immunize BALB/c mice for three times. The immunogenicity was confirmed by Western blotting and tissue localization was detected by indirect immunofluorescent assay. The specific antibody level was detected by ELISA. The immunoprotection of rSjOST48 was evaluated by the reduction in worm and egg counts in mice. A cDNA with 1 248 nucleotides was isolated from 28-day-old schistosomes cDNAs by PCR. Sequence analysis revealed that SJCHGC01743 was a 48-kDa subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex (OST48) and named as SjOST48. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that this gene was expressed in all investigated stages and had the highest expression level in 28 d worms, the level of gene transcription in female worms was significantly higher than that of male worms. Then recombinant plasmid pET28a(+)-SjOST48 was successfully constructed and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). Western blotting analysis showed that rSjOST48 had good immunogenicity. Indirect immunofluorescent analysis revealed that SjOST48 was mainly distributed on the tegument of the worms. The result of ELISA indicated that the rSjOST48 vaccinated group could induce a significant increase in the level of specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a. An immunoprotection experiment showed that the vaccination of rSjOST48 in mice induced 32.62% (P < 0.05) reduction in the numbers of worms and 57.61% (P < 0.01) in eggs in liver, compared with that of the control group. This study provides the foundation for proceeding further research on the biological function of SjOST48 and screening new vaccine candidates for schistosomiasis.
Animals ; Antibodies, Helminth ; blood ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Escherichia coli ; Female ; Genes, Helminth ; Helminth Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Recombinant Proteins ; immunology ; Schistosoma japonicum ; genetics ; Schistosomiasis japonica ; prevention & control ; Vaccination

Objective To clone human Sjogren's syndrome antigen A(SSA)for expressing of antigen SSA-52kD and establishing a new clinical detecting method.Methods According to the human SSA-52kD cDNA sequence reported in GenBank,primers of human SSA-52kD cDNA were designed and synthesized.Human SSA-52kD cDNA was amplified from RNA of cultured Hela cell by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The production of amplification was ligated to PET-30a vector and then transformed into the competent bacteria DH5?to construct the recombinant plasmid PET-30a-SSA-52kD.The recombinant plasmid was digested with Bgl Ⅱ and Hind Ⅲ,and positive clones were sequenced.Results The Human SSA-52kD cDNA fragment containing 1447bp was amplified by RT-PCR.Restriction endonuclease mapping using Bgl II and Hind III showed that the target gene was inserted into the recombinant plasmid.The complete coding sequence of Human SSA-52kD was consistent with that of GenBank through DNA sequencing.Conclusions The full length of human SSA-52kD cDNA was successfully cloned and the recombinant plasmid PET-30a-SSA-52kD was constructed.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of covered metallic stents in the management of proximal esophageal strictures.Methods Retrievable covered self-expanding metallic stents were inserted individually in 43 patients with malignant strictures of the proximal esophagus.Main outcome measures included improvement of dysphagia,sealing of fistula and complications were evaluated.Results A total of 45 stents were placed in 43 patients,with a success rate of 95.6％ (43/45) at the first stent placement attempt.The dysphagia score improved significantly from 3.3 ± 0.6 to 1.8 ± 0.9 (P ＜ 0.001),with 18 having an excellent response and 25 having a good response.Improvement rate of dysphagia was 95.6％ (43/45).Fistula sealing was achieved in 7 of 9 patients (77.8％).Early complications included severe pain (n =5),mediastinal emphysema (n =1),moderate fever (n =9) and collapse of the proximal end of the stent (n =1),while late complications included migration (n =3) and tissue overgrowth (n =6).Conclusion Retrievable covered metallic stent placement is effective and safe for the palliation of obstructive dysphagia and sealing of fistulas in malignant proximal esophageal strictures.