Proper wound healing and scaring are the key factor to the success of trabeculectomy in glaucoma patients.The inadequate wound healing will lead to bleb leakage and ocular hypotension after surgery;however,excessive wound healing and scaring will cause the failure of the surgery and eventually increase the intraocular pressure.The applying of antimetabolic drugs such as mitomycin C (MMC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are able to relieve the excessive wound healing in some degree;however,the side effects like ocular hypotension,dysesthesia endophthalmitis can never be ignored.What is worse,some patients are not sensitive to such drugs.Subconjunctival injection of CAT-152 (monoclonal antibody against transforming growth factor-β) was able to control wound healing in animal trabeculectomy model,while failed in multi-center clinical trial.Recent studies have focused on the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF inhibitors on the wound healing after trabeculectomy.This paper aims to review the mechanism of wound healing after trabeculectomy,as well as the role of anti-VEGF on this kind of wound healing and scaring.

As a kind of progenitor cells, the neural stem cells (NSC) possess the potential abilities of both proliferation and differentiation, from which some neurons or glias can be produced. Therefore, the neural stem cells show broad application prospects and clinic utility value. In this paper, the biological characteristics, distributions, main differentiation mechanisms, some experimental skills and application in neurosurgery of the neural stem cells were discussed.

Abstract Objective:The effects of both TM-TGFa and S-TGFa on proliferation were compared to explore the biological characteristics of the two forms of TGF-a.Methods:The proliferation of mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3 and its expression of PCNA were determined by the methods of MTT and histochemical technique. The level of IL-6 mRNA in HaCaT cell line was tested by in situ hybridization. Results:The two forms of TGFa were able to promote cell proliferation,PCNA expression and IL-6 mRNA transcription.The effects of S-TGFa had been shown stronger than that of TM-TGFa( P

Objective To study the change of activity and toxicity of superoxide (O - 2 ) produced in polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNLs) during ischemia reperfusion cerebral injury.Methods The rats were administrated by both PMA (an activator of single transduction of O - 2 produced in alkaline phosphatase(ALPase) positive granules of PMNLs) and the inhibitor BCA respectively; the model of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion was made by suture cleat mothod,the activity changes of both myeloperoxidease (MPO) and O - 2 were measured at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168h reperfusion following ischemia 1h, and the pathological ultrastructural changes were observed. Results The MPO activity of both PAM group and BCA group reached the peaks at 24h after reperfusion; however,there were no remarkable differences in MPO activity between these two groups in the same time point. The O - 2 activity in the PAM group was significantly higher than those in the BCA group. The O - 2 activity reached the peak at 72h of ischemia reperfusion. In the same experimental time point, the pathological changes of the ultrastructure in ischemic reperfusive injury brain of the PAM group were much more serious than the those of the BCA group, which showed obviously the neurons edema, the abnormal structures of nerve felt and synapse in the ischemia reperfusion injured brain.Conclusion The increase of brain O - 2 activity from PMNLs during cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury was direct ratio to the degree of cerebral injury. BCA might depress the activity and the toxicity of the O - 2.

Objective To explore the repaired effects of autotransplantation of bone marrow-derived neural stem cells (BMSCs) on hippocampus of epilepsy rats.Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into groups normal control (NC),graft and non-graft .Under sterile condition, the BMSCs of rats were isolated, and under specific condition the BMSCs were cultured to induce and differentiate into neural stem cells(NSCs). Then the models of temporal lobe epilepsy were established in groups graft and non-graft , and the NSCs were autotransplanted into the right hippocampus of rats of graft group. The morphological changes of the hippocampus were observed at 1,2 ,4,8,16 weeks after the transplantation respectively.Results The number of hippocampal CA3 pyramid cells of groups non-graft and graft significantly decreased than that in NC group(all P

Objective To explore the effect of erythropoietin(EPO) on Bcl-xl expression in hippocampal CA1 subregion and cognizing function in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion(IR).Methods Male SD rats were randomly separated into sham-operated group,IR group and EPO group,and the IR models were made.At 3 h before IR models made,rHu-EPO and saline were injected into rat lateral ventricles in EPO group and IR group,respectively,with help of stereotaxic coordinates.Bcl-xl protein expression of Hippocampal CA1 subregion was detected by immunohistochemistry at 24 h after operation.The learning and memory abilities were examined by electricity maze at 4 weeks after operation.Results Compared to sham-operated group,Bcl-xl protein expression in EPO group and IR group were obviously decreased,but EPO group was significantly increased than IR group(all P

To explore the feasibility of culture and identification of neural stem cells (NSCs) from ependyma, subventricular zone and cotex of fetal and adult rat respectively, and to make the basis for treatment of degenerative diseases with NSCs transplantation, all the seed cells derived from ependyma, subventricular zone and cotex were isolated from both fetal and adult SD rat, respectively. They were then cultured, induced to differentiation and subcultured continuously in a "CYTOKINE NSCs culture medium". Identification was carried out using Nestin, NSE and GFAP antibodies for differentiated NSCs, neuron and neuroglials, respectively. The seed cells from these four locations proliferated rapidly under some corresponding conditions, and formed "neurologic spheres", which consisted of many cells and expressed Nestin antigen. After continuous culture and subculture, NSCs might divide and proliferate further. Some NSCs buds developed processes and formed nerve fibers further, while the soma enlarged into the cells with "long processes", which connected or crisscrossed with each other, and were confirmed as neurons and neuroglias by immunocytochemistry. Seed cells from fetal rats might generate more NSCs than those from adult rats, and those from ependyma and subventricular zone produced more NSCs than those from cortex. There was no special morphological difference between ependyma NSCs and cortex NSCs. It is suggested that NSCs existed not only in ependyma and cotex of fetal SD rat, but also in the subventricular zone and cotex of adult SD rat. Fetal rat nerve tissue possesses much more NSCs than adult one.

To study the growth, expansion and differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) of rhesus monkey, the BMSC were isolated from adult rhesus monkeys, cultured and induced with a special medium confected in our lab. Identification was performed with immunochemichemistry method. The results showed that BMSC could proliferate and generate clone when culturing in vitro. These cells grow rapidly and differentiated into neuron like cells and astrocyte like cells. The cell clones proliferated from stem cell could express Nestin antigen and the differentiated cells expressing GFAP or NSE antigen respectively. In this study, we did not observe RA, BFGF and EGF remarkably influencing the induction and differentiation of the BMSC. It is suggested that the BMSC from rhesus monkey have the self renewal and differentiation abilities. They might differentiate into neuron like and astrocyte like cells which express GFAP or NSE. As available easily, the BMSC could be considered as the ideal seed cells of the neural stem cells.

To explore the feasibility and validity of isolated neural stem cells(NSC) derived from adult human bone marrow, the adult human bone marrow stromal cells, harvested by density gradient centrifugation following an ilium puncture, were cultured in "Cytokines NSC medium" for ascertaining the optimal survival conditions in vitro . Proliferation of NSCs was evaluated by formation of cell clones. Antibodies against Nestin, NSE and GFAP were chosen for identifying NSCs, neurons and glial cells, respectively. The involved cytokines in culture included GDNF(20ng/ml), LIF(10ng/ml)and RA(0 5?g/ml). Among the adult human bone marrow stromal cells, there were some NSCs with rough and large cytoplasmic granules proliferating rapidly into islets shaped cellular spheres with positive Nestin, a specific antigen on the fetal neural epithelium. After separating the cellular spheres into single cells and then plating them, we found the islets shaped cellular spheres appeared again. Following differentiation of the NSCs spheres, some of them formed small buds,which then developed further into long projects connecting each other. Most of the cells with long projects showed positive NSE or GFAP. It is possible that adult human bone marrow stromal cells could be induced into NSCs under certain experimental conditions. Also it implied the feasibility and validity that the adult human bone marrow might be used as the seed cells of the neural stem cells.

Objective To investigate the distribution rule of NMDA receptor protein localizated on neuron membrane surface. Methods After the primary culture model of forebrain cortex neuron of rat had been set up,the NR1 subunit protein molecule of NMDA receptor has been combined with primary antibody IgG,and marked by Staphylococcus protein A-colloid gold particles (SPA-G). Then the neuron was observed with Field-emission SEM,and the content of AU element was calcalated by software. Results The cluster of NMDA receptor combined with SPA-G particulates was clearly observed as some globular being distributed mainly under some niches of lipid rafts,mainly localized at originating section of dendritic protuberance of neuron membrane surface. Conclusion NMDA receptor molecule protein was distributed on the membrane surface lipid rafts of originating section of dendritic protuberance of neuron. It was in accord with the distribution rule of postsynaptic membrane on neuron. The Field-emission SEM could distinguish single NMDA receptor melocule cluster after being marked with SPA-G molecule in neuron.