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Objective To investigate the differences of leptin (LEP) between Mongol and Han population with metabolic syndrome (MS) and its related factors.Methods According to the diagnostic criterion of MS,291 people with MS were selected as subjects,of which,146 were Han nationality(A group) and 145 were Mongol(B group).Radioimmunoassay kit was used to measure the serum leptin level.At the same time,the indices including weight,height,blood pressure,blood glucose,blood lipid,Serum uric acid (sUA),insulin (Fins),body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were measured.Results The following indices in B group including fasting plasma glucose (FPG),Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),leptin,blood insulin,insulin resistance index were (6.2 ± 1.5) mmol/L,(3.1 ± 0.8) mmol/L,(4.3 ± 2.0) μg/L,(22.4-± 16.0) mU/L and (6.5 ± 0.5) respectively,significantly differed from that of A group ((6.7 ±1.7) mmol/L,(2.7 ±0.7) mmol/L,(3.4 ± 1.5) μg/L,(18.8 ±14.0) mU/L,(4.7 ±3.6)respectively;t =2.04,2.84,3.47,2.18,4.82 ;P ＜ 0.01 or P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in terms of age((46.9 ±9.8) vs.(46.3 ± 8.4)),systolic blood pressure (SBP) ((146.8 ± 17.0) mm Hg vs.(149.1 ±19.2) mm Hg),diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ((90.5 ± 11.6) mm Hg vs.(92.5 ± 13.1) mm Hg),BMI ((27.4 ± 2.9) kg/m2 vs.(27.9 ± 3.2) kg/m2),total cholesterol (TC) ((5.5 ± 1.0) mmol/L vs.(5.5 ±0.9) mmol/L),triacylglycerol (TG) ((2.3 ± 1.4) mmol/L vs.(2.3 ± 1.4) mmol/L),high density lipid cholesterol (HDL-C) ((1.3 ±0.3) mmol/L vs.(1.2 ±0.4) mmol/L),and sUA (((320.7 ±93.6)μmol/L) vs.(308.7 ±86.9) μmol/L) between the patients with metabolic syndrome in Mongol population and in Han population(t =0.47,0.90,1.15,1.15,0,0,1.00,0.94 respectively,P ＞ 0.05).The increase of leptin level in the patients with metabolic syndrome in B group was associated with blood glucose,blood insulin and insulin resistance index (r =0.108,0.146,0.183 ; P ＜ 0.05).BMI,blood insulin and insulin resistance index may be the factors due to the higher of serum leptin levels.Conclusion The serum leptin of patients with metabolic syndrome in Mongol population are correlated with blood glucose,blood insulin and insulin resistance index,which plays an important role in the development of metabolic syndrome.

Objective To explore the differences of resistin level between Mongol and Han population in patients with metabolic syndrome and to analyze its related factors.Methods According to the diagnostic criterion of metabolic syndrome,30 patients with metabolic syndrome in Mongol population (group 1) and 28 patients with metabolic syndrome in Han population(group 2) were randomly selected from health examination population.Radioimmunoassay kit was used to examine the serum resistin level in patients with metabolic syndrome.At the same time,their weight,height,blood pressure,blood glucose,blood lipid [high density lipoprotein (HDL),low density lipoprotein (LDL),total cholesterol (TC),glycerin three greases (TG)],blood uric acid (UA),leptin,insulin were measured,and body mass index(BMI) and insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR) were counted and compared.Results There were significant differences in systolic pressure,leptin,resistin,blood insulin and HOMA-IR between the two groups(all P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in age,diastolic pressure,BMI,HDL,LDL,TG,TC,UA and blood glucose between the two groups(all P ＞0.05).The increase of resistin level in group 1 was associated with UA,systolic pressure and HOMA-IR(r =0.357,0.427,0.582,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The serum resistin level of patients with metabolic syndrome in Mongol population is correlated with UA,systolic pressure and insulin resistance index,and maybe play an important role in the development of metabolic syndrome.

Microfold cells or membraneous cells(M cell)are special differentiated cells of follicle associated epithelium(FAE) covered underlining lymphoid follicle,called organ-associated lymphoid tissue(OALT).M cells in the GI transport transcellularly antigens or organism selectively from the gut lumen and trigger the immune reaction.As doorkeepers,they manipulate the function channel of intestinal barrier.The features,and the important role in intestinal barrier of M cells are reviewed.

BACKGROUND:Presently,cartilage defect is mainly treated by autologous cartilage transplantation,which cannot be accepted by patients.With development of tissue engineering,mesenchymal stem cells have been a hot focus in research.Most scholars believed that dynamic stress,hypoxia and some growth factors are advantageous factors for differentiation of bone marrow mesencymal stem cells into chondrocytes,which suggest microenvironment of the joint cavity.OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for isolating bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,to found a microenvironment of the joint cavity,and to observe outcome of injure repair by transplanting autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into cartilage injured region of rabbits,which is covered by periosteum.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:The randomized,controlled animal experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics,Second Hospital,Shanxi Medical University from July 2005 to July 2007.MATERIALS:A total of 24 New Zealand rabbits were selected for creating models of articular cartilage injury.METHODS:Rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were collected and purified using density gradient centrifugation,and amplified by in vitro adherence method.Twenty-four rabbits were randomly assigned into three groups(n=8).In the non-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells + periosteal flap group,bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were implanted into articular cartilage defects of rabbit knees and covered by autologous periosteal flap.In the periosteal flap group,periosteal flap was used to cover the injured region.Rabbits in the blank control group were left intact.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Repair tissues of rabbits were examined at 6 and 12 weeks after surgery.RESULTS:In the non-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells + periosteal flap group,the defects were filled with hyaline-like cartilage at 6 weeks.Cartilage and the subchodral bone were remodeled at 12 weeks after surgery.The expression of type Ⅱ collagen in the repair tissues was verified by immunohistochemistry.In the periosteal flap group,the defects were partly filled with chondrocytes-like in the surface and basement.In the blank control group,fibrous tissue repair was presented,with a few cartilage-like cells in the basement.CONCLUSION:Following comparison of results from three groups,in vitro cultured rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and periosteal transplantation can enhance repair of articular cartilage injury.This method can be an effective way for repairing injured articular cartilage,presently.

Objective To survey and analyze the etiology of pericardial effusion in different age patients. Methods The data of 450 patients who were diagnosed as pericardial effusion were studied retrospectively. The pathogenesis of pericardial effusion were analyzed and compared among the five age groups : juvenile group (0-19 years),young group (20-39 years),middle age group (40-59 years), aged group (60-79 years) and existed advanced age group (≥80 years). Results The different pathogenesis of pericardial effusion existed in different age groups. The first three causes are tumor, tuberculous, heart failure in all patients. As a pathogeny, cardiopulmonary insufficiency induced pericardial effusions constitute the majority (about 50%) in the advanced age group. Tumor, heart failure are the main causes in aged group. In middle age group, tumor and tuberculous are the most frequent pathogenesis, while the tuberculous is the principal causes in juvenile and young groups. Conclusions The rate of tumor, heart failure, lung infection raised along with the age increasing in the patients with pericardial effusion, meanwhile the cases of tuberculoses declined. Attention should be given to this tendency on the diagnosis and treatment of the patients with pericardial effusions.

Objective To observe the effects of adenosine and adenosine receptor agonist on the expression of inter?leukin-18 (IL-18) in patients with unstable angina (UAP), and the mechanism of adenosine receptor agonists thereof. Meth?ods Fifteen UAP and 15 healthy volunteers were included in this study. The effects of adenosine and the selective adenos?ine receptor agonists on the expression of IL-18 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The lower concentration of adenosine (1-100μmol/L) increased the expression of IL-18 in UAP group;whereas the higher concentration of adenosine (1 mmol/L) inhibited the expression of IL-18. The adenosine A1 receptor agonist and A3 receptor agonist increased the expression of IL-18, while the adenosine A2a receptor agonist inhibited the expression of IL-18. There was no significant effect for A2b receptor agonist on the expression of IL-18. Conclusion The lower concentrations of ade?nosine can enhance the expression of IL-18 through adenosine A1 and A3 receptors in UAP. The higher concentrations of ade?nosine can inhibit the expression of IL-18 through adenosine A2a receptors. Adenosine can promote IL-18 expression in lower concentrations.

BACKGROUND: With the development of China, quality of life (QOL) is getting more and more attention, however, there are few studies on QOL, especially in Mainland China.OBJECTIVE: To observe the situation of combinative application of Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and QOL assessment in rehabilitation clinical practice.DESIGN: Case analysis.SETTING: Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 83 rehabilitation patients selected from Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital from January to December 2003,consenting to take part in the study, were divided into 4 groups: bone & joint rehabilitation(n=42), stroke rehabilitation (n=17), internal medicine (n=15), and cancer rehabilitation (n=9).METHODS: Every patient carried out functional independence assessment and quality of life measurement within 24 hours of admission. FIM was adopted for functional independence assessment which included 13 items of motor (ranged from 13 to 91 points) and 5 items of cognition (ranged from 5to 35 points), and FAQ for quality of life included making telephone call,self-care economy, shopping, using vehicle, housework, jobs, entertainment,etc. with 100 in total. The author performed all the assessment.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Every patient carried out FIM and FAQ assessment after admission and discharge.RESULTS: All data of totally 83 patients entered the final analysis. [1]The average age and length of hospital stay in stroke group were higher than those in other groups (P ＜ 0.01). [2] FIM motor and cognitive scores in stroke group were higher at discharge than those at admission (5.276,3.624;6.200,5.941,P ＜ 0.01), but scores of functional activity were lower at discharge than those at admission (1.253, 1.547, P ＜ 0.01). [3]In bone joint group, the FIM cognitive scores were coincidence in general, while motor scores were higher at discharge than those at admission (6.220,5.388, P ＜ 0.01), but scores of functional activity were lower at discharge than those at admission (0.610, 0.912, P ＜ 0.01). [4] Only scores of functional activity in tumor group were lower at discharge than those at admission (0.722, 0.989, P ＜ 0.05). [5] All items in internal medicine group were coincidence in general (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: FAQ is more sensitive than FIM in rehabilitation practice, but cannot replace FIM, and should be used with FIM.

Objective To investigate the effect of alprostadil injection on serum tumor necrosis factor ( TNF-α) ,β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels in adjunctive treatment of patients of severe hepatitis with liver and kidney syndrome.Methods A total of 60 patients of severe hepatitis with liver and kidney syndrome were collected and randomly divided into experimental group and control group with 30 cases in each group.The two groups were treated by conventional therapy, patients in the control group were treated by continuous renal replacement therapy, patients in the experimental group were treated on the basis of the control group with alprostadil injection in adjuvant therapy for 3 weeks.The serum biochemistry and liver and kidney function and clinical curative effect were detected.Results Compared with the control group, the serum TNF-α, β2-MG and sIL-2R levels of the experimental group were lower (P<0.05); alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirnbin (TBiL) levels were lower (P<0.05), albumin (Alb) level and prothrombin time activity (PTA) were higher (P<0.05), serum creatinine (Scr), urea nitrogen (BUN), CysC and 24h urine protein were lower (P<0.05), 24h urine volume was higher (P<0.05); efficacy in experimental group was better than control group (Z=-2.321,P=0.020).Conclusion Alprostadil injection in adjunctive treatment of severe hepatitis with liver and kidney syndrome patients has significant effect and high safety, could significantly reduce the serum TNF-α, β2-MG and sIL-2R levels.

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of unfractionated heparin (UFH) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in this process.Methods Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) were cultured in vitro, and the cells between passages 3 and 5 were used in the experiments. ExperimentⅠ: the cells were divided into four groups as follows: control group, LPS stimulation group (LPS 10μg/mL), LPS+ 0.1 U/mL UFH group, and LPS+ 1 U/mL UFH group. HPMECs in UFH groups were treated with 0.1 U/mL or 1 U/mL UFH 15 minutes before LPS stimulation, and HPMECs in control group were treated with an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) instead. The concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and G-CSF in cell culture supernatants were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 24 hours after LPS challenge to detect the effect of UFH on HPMECs. ExperimentⅡ: HPMECs were treated with 5μg/mL of rhodobacter sphaeroides LPS (LPS-RS, antagonist for TLR4) 4 hours before the addition of PBS or LPS. The concentrations of IL-6 and G-CSF in cell culture supernatants were determined 24 hours after LPS stimulation to detect the effect of TLR4 on LPS-induced HPMEC injury. ExperimentⅢ: HPMECs were divided into four groups as before: control group, LPS stimulation group, LPS+ 0.1 U/mL UFH group, LPS+ 1 U/mL UFH group. Treatments to cells were the same as experimentⅠ. The protein expression of TLR4 in HPMECs was determined by Western Blot 1 hour after LPS stimulation to detect the effect of UFH on TLR4.Results① Compared with control group, the levels of IL-6 and G-CSF in LPS stimulation group were increased [IL-6 (ng/L): 655.9±58.3 vs. 75.5±18.2, G-CSF (ng/L): 388.7±36.2 vs. 35.3±12.6, both P< 0.05]. Compared with those of LPS stimulation group, in LPS+ 0.1 U/mL UFH group and LPS+ 1 U/mL UFH group, the levels of IL-6 and G-CSF were significantly decreased [IL-6 (ng/L): 518.2±64.6, 489.1±75.6 vs. 655.9±58.3, G-CSF (ng/L): 298.8±41.0, 273.4±33.2 vs. 388.7±36.2, allP< 0.05]. The results indicated that 1 U/mL UFH had better results, though there was no statistical significance between the results of two UFH groups.② LPS-induced up-regulation of IL-6 and G-CSF levels was prevented by LPS-RS [IL-6 (ng/L): 139.1±37.6 vs. 655.9±58.3, G-CSF (ng/L): 73.7±19.7 vs. 388.7±36.2, bothP< 0.05]. LPS-RS alone had no effect on cytokines [IL-6 (ng/L):118.2±42.1 vs. 75.5±18.2, G-CSF (ng/L): 48.4±26.8 vs. 35.3±12.6, bothP> 0.05].③ Compared with control group, the protein expression of TLR4 (grey value) in LPS stimulation group was significantly upregulated after 1 hour (0.87±0.23 vs. 0.36±0.12,P< 0.05). UFH with 0.1 U/mL and 1 U/mL lowered TLR-4 protein expression induced by LPS (0.68±0.18, 0.62±0.26 vs. 0.87±0.23, bothP< 0.05).ConclusionsThe expressions of IL-6 and G-CSF were increased obviously in LPS treated HPMECs. UFH might take its therapeutic effect through TLR4-dependent pathway.