In order to verify the sstability and accuracy of DNA barcode technique, we chose Rosa laevigata Michx as study object. Genomic DNAs of 10 samples were extracted by modified CTAB method. ITS2 sequences were obtained by direct PCR sequencing; the other 6 sequences were obtained from GenBank. The sequences were assembled using the CodonCode Aligner. All of the 16 ITS2 sequences were aligned through Clustal-W and the genetic distances were computed using MEGA 5.0 in accordance with the Kimura 2-parameter (K-2-P) model. Results indicated that the lengths of ITS2 regions of R. laevigata ranged from 219 to 221 bp with two Poly C structure in it. The intra-specific genetic distances were smaller than inter-specific ones in ITS2 regions of R. laevigata. The NJ tree showed that R. laevigata and adulterants were divided into two clades, with 99%bootstrap value, showing good monophyly. So, ITS2 was considered a good marker to identify R. laevigata and its adulterants.

Objective To analyze the correlation between the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and fall incidence among the elderly in urban and rural areas in Chongqing, and to provide evidence for targeted intervention. Methods In 2019, a questionnaire survey was conducted among the elderly aged 65 and over in four districts and counties using multistage stratified cluster random sampling. The difference of NCDs prevalence and fall incidence was compared by Chi-square test. The correlation between NCDs and fall incidence was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 806 and 801 elderly people aged 65 and above in urban and rural areas，respectively, were investigated The fall incidence among the elderly in rural areas (12.98%) was higher than that in urban areas (7.94%) (χ2=10.916, P=0.001). The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the prevalence of heart disease (OR=2.988, 95%CI:1.544-5.785), osteoporosis (OR=2.696, 95%CI:1.527-4.760) and vestibular dysfunction or deafness (OR=3.180, 95%CI:1.142-8.861) was associated with fall incidence among urban elderly people. Factors including need for care (OR=2.315，95%CI：1.130-4.744), diabetes (OR=3.067，95%CI:1.634-5.756), osteoporosis (OR=1.972, 95%CI:1.210-3.214), and arthritis (OR=2.975, 95%CI:1.901-4.657) were associated with fall incidence among rural elderly people. Conclusion The fall incidence among the elderly in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas in Chongqing. The prevalence of NCD is high among the elderly. Timely treatment of NCDs should be provided to reduce fall incidence among the elderly.

OBJECTIVE：To discuss the mechanism of synovitis of knee osteoarthritis （KOA）relieved by “Sanse powder ” volatile oil based on the activation of Nod-like receptor family 3（NLRP3）inflammasome. METHODS ：“Sanse powder ”volatile oil was extracted by distillation- condensation process and the components of it were analyzed by GC-MS. Fibroblast-like synovial cells（FLS）were extracted from the knee joint of male SD rats. The effects of 10，25，50，100，250，500，1 000 μg/mL“Sanse powder”volatile oil on the viability of FLS were examined by CCK-8 assay. KOA inflammatory cell model was induced by lipopolysaccharide for 12 h. The effects of 10，250 μg/mL“Sanse powder ”volatile oil on the protein and mRNA expression of NLRP3，caspase-1 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein （ASC）were detected. The levels of IL- 1β and IL-18 in supernatants of FLS were determined . RESULTS ：Totally 0.51-0.61 g volatile oil with yellow clear and unique aromatic odor were extracted from“Sanse powder ”，and the extraction rate was 0.33％-0.41％（n＝9）. A total of 41 chemical components were isolated ，and 30 of them were identified and their peak area accounted for 90.073 6％ of the total peak area. The components with high relative content were gingerol flavonoids （17.573 9％），δ-junionene（15.434 5％），gingerol（11.509 5％），etc. When the concentration of volatile oil was 10-250 μg/mL，there was no significant effect on survival rate of FLS （P＞0.05）. Compared with blank group ，the relative protein and mRNA expression of NLRP 3，caspase-1 and ASC and the levels of IL- 1β and IL-18 in supernatant were significantly increased in model group （P＜0.05）. Compared with model group ，relative expression or levels of above indexes were all decreased significantly in FLS and supernatant of “Sanse powder ”volatile oil 10 and 250 μg/mL groups（P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS：“Sanse powder ”volatile oil can inhibit NLRP 3 inflammasome activation in FLS and reduce the downstream inflammatory cascade response ，thus exerting its efficacy in ameliorating synovial inflammation of KOA.