Encouraging voluntary donation of citizens' organ is the best institutional solution for the severe shortage of organ transplantation.The policy incentives should allow donors to rescind their donation of their organ anytime before the organ is removed from their body.As long as the donor does not commit subjective offence,he/she shall be released from any legal responsibilities.This arrangement is highly significant legally and practically.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a significant threat on health in elderly people.Many traditional Chinese herbs and their prescriptions show fairly good effect in treatment of AD.We review the results on treatment of AD from three aspects of AD' s pathogenesis, in which the natural herbs were mainly used, and present the way to the problem to be solved.

Objective To study the chemical constituents of the EtOAC soluble fraction from Urtica fissa with obviously anti-inflammatory and analygestic effect. Methods The compounds were isolated by polyamide and silical gel colum chromatography and identified by UV, IR, NMR, and MS. Results Twelve compounds were isolated from U. fissa and identined as quercetin (Ⅰ), kaempferol (Ⅱ), kaempferol-3-O-?-D-glucopyranoside (Ⅲ), quercetin-3-O-?-D-glucopyranoside (Ⅳ), caffeic acid (Ⅴ), chlorogenic acid (Ⅵ), scopolin (Ⅶ), scopoletin (Ⅷ), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (Ⅸ), quercetin-7-O-?-D-glucopyranoside (Ⅹ), isorhamnetin-3-O-?-D-rutinoside (Ⅺ), ?-sitosterol ( ⅩⅡ ). Conclusion Compounds Ⅰ-Ⅺ are all isolated from U. fissa for the first time and compounds Ⅶ, Ⅹ, and Ⅺ are found in plants of Urtica L. for the first time also.

Objective To evaluate the construction of scFv-psm-ETA immunotoxin and to study its antitumor effect on human prostate cancer cells. Methods The genes encoding the heavy and light chain Fv regions of the monoclonal murine antibody Ed-5,which recognizes prostate specific membrane antigen on the surface of human prostate cell,were cloned by PCR technique and were used to generate single-chain immunotoxins containing Pseudomonas exotoxin A(ETA).The light and heavy chains were connected by a flexible linker to form a single-chain antigen-binding protein,which was in turn fused to truncated forms of ETA.The resulting plasmid,pSW200-psm,was transformed intoE.coli CC118 and the recombinant immunotoxins,scFv-psm-ETA,were expressed and purified to near homogeneity.The cell killing activity and in vivo antitumor activity of scFv-psm-ETA were tested using human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Results scFv-psm-ETA was shown to be cytotoxic specifically to 80% of LNCaP cells,which expressed the PSM on their surface at a dose up to 100 ng/ml.In athymic nude mice, administration of the scFv-psm-ETA inhibited the growth of human prostate cancer cells LNCaP.The size of the tumors was 153 mm3 and 272 mm3,respectively, in treatment group and control group (P

In 2008,the Ministry of Health,UNAIDS and the World Health Organization held a press conference,stating that sexual transmission had become a major route of transmission in China.Epidemiological research has shown that circumcision can be efficacious for males in reducing their risk of HIV acquisition via heterosexual activity.This article analyzes male circumcision as a HIV/AIDS prevention strategy from medical,public health and ethical perspectives.

Parkinson's disease is a kind of familiar diseases troubling old people in China.It's recognized internationally that DBS is the best method to control Parkinson's disease.This paper designs a kind of DBS without internal electrical source,which can greatly decrease the treatment cost for Parkinson's disease.The structure,circuit philosophy and experiments on rats are also mentioned.

Objective To determine the detection rate of duodenal papilla and the diagnostic rate of small bowel diseases by capsule endoscopy(CE)and its possible influencing factors.Methods A total of 369 cases with suspected small bowel disease who had undergone CE were retrospectively reviewed. The de- tection rate of duodenal papilla and that of small bowel disease were calculated respectively. The detection rate of duodenal papilla in another 369 patients having received gastroscopy was also counted in order to findout the miss detection rate of forward-viewing endoscopy. The CE findings were reviewed at the rate of 1 im-age and 15 images per second by hand-motion respectively. The detection rate of duodenal papilla was calcu-lated,and the number of frames showing duodenal papilla was counted. Differences of detection rate of duo-denal papilla were also analyzed by different age and gender groups. In addition,the potential difference in detection rate of duodenal papilla between different bowel preparations before CE of two different reviewing approaches was also investigated respectively. Results The miss detection rate of duodenal papilla with for-ward-viewing gastroscopy was 22. 0%. The detection rate of duodenal papilla reviewed at the rate of 1 image by hand-motion,where less frames were needed to visualize duodenal papilla(3. 7vs7. 0),was significantly higher than that at the rate of 15 images per second(32. 2%vs13. 6%,P=0. 001). The diagnostic rate of small bowel diseases was also significantly higher than that of duodenal papilla by CE(67. 2%vs32. 2%,P=0. 000). Age and gender were not significantly correlated with the detection rate of duodenal papilla. No significant correlation was found between various kinds of bowel preparation before CE at different viewing rate and the detection rate of duodenal papilla. Conclusion It iS relatively difficult to identify duodenal pa- pilla by CE,as they are peculiarly positioned in anatomy,so the detection of duodenal papilla does not nec- essarily represent the detection rate of small bowel diseases. The major factors that influencing the detection of duodenal papilla by CE include local anatomy,viewing rate and technical limitations of CE.

Objective To investigate and analyze the surgical site infection rate,clinical characteristics,risk factors and pathogens in patients after type Ⅰ incision orthopedic foot and ankle surgery,which may provide a basis for preventing surgical site infection in foot and ankle surgery.Methods Patients undergoing type Ⅰ incision orthopedic foot and ankle surgery from Jun.2011 to Jun.2015 were investigated retrospectively.Clinical data of cases with surgical site infection were collected and analyzed.Incidence of surgical site infection,clinical features,risk factors and pathogen distribution were studied.Results Seven hundred and sixty-one patients were undergoing type Ⅰ incision orthopedic foot and ankle surgery,surgical site infection occurred in 42 patients with an infection rate of 5.5％.In terms of age,gender,anesthesia,smoking,drinking,rheumatoid arthritis,gout,number of incisions and recovery after open injuries,no significant difference of surgical site infection rate were found.Diabetes mellitus complicated with peripheral neuropathy increased the risk of surgical site infection compared with nondiabetic patients.Patients who had an operative time more than 3 hours had a greater risk of surgical site infection compared with those less than 1 hours.The presence of intra-operative implants increases the risk of surgical site infection compared with patients with external fixations or without implants.Conclusions Surgical site infection is a common complication for the patients after type Ⅰ incision orthopedic foot and ankle surgery.Diabetes mellitus complicated with peripheral neuropathy,long operation time and intra-operative implants may be the high risk factors for surgical site infection.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) for treatment of choledocholithiasis. Methods The clinical data of 326 patients receiving EST from July 1990 to January 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. Long-term follow-up was performed in 195 of the 326 patients. Results The common bile duct stones were removed in 301 cases (92. 33%).The occurring rate of complications after EST was 6.13% (20/326). Of the 20 patients, 10 had pancreatitis (3.07%), 7 hemorrhage (2. 14%), 4 cholangitis (1. 220%) and 1 duodenal perforation (0.09%). Only 1 patient died. The follow-up showed that 20 patients had reflux cholangitis and 18 recurrence of common bile duct stones. Conclusion Therapeutic endoscopy is safe and effective for treatment of choledocholithiasis.