The major goal of microbial ecology is to study the structure and function of complex micro-bial communities. New molecular biological techniques have been successfully applied to analyze mi-crobial community structure. However they do not provide information on the physiologic properties of the detected microorganisms. A new tool for structure-function analyses in microbial ecology, micro-autoradiography combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (MAR-FISH) can be used to simul-taneously examine the phylogenetic identity and the specific activity of microorganisms within a com-plex microbial community at a single-cell level. This article reviews the principle, experimental steps of MAR-FISH technique. The application of this technique in study of the environmental microbial com-munity and function is also summarized.

Objective To analyze the mutations in nucleotide sequences of transfusion transmitted virus(TTV) in neonatal infection.Methods Neonatal serum TTV-DNA was detected by a nested PCR technique.Fifteen Chinese neonates with positive TTV-DNA were diagnosed as TTV infection.ORF1 sequences of TTV-DNA from these neonates were determined.Results Homology of Chinese TTV(C01-C15) and Japanese TTV(N22)isolated ranged from 87.1%-97.7% at nucleotide level,but there were point mutations in Chinese TTV,such as GG→TT in locus 112 and 113,TTATC→CCTAT in locus 236-240.Conclusions Chinese and Japanese TTV isolated had the same genotype.Some gene mutations may increase the TTV pathogen,and result in neonatal hepatitis syndrome or hyperbilirubinemia.

Inheirted metabolic disodrers(IMD)involves in multiple substance dysbolism,which usually results in irreversible neurological lesions because of various categories and complicated clinical manifestations.In resent years,IMD became one of the hot spots in medical domain around the world,original diagnostic technique and management progressed unceasingly.This paper provides an overview of the traditio-nal detection and treatment about IMD,and reviews the new techniques such as gene analysis,gene chip,organ transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy at the same time.

Objective To compare the difference of early trauma experience between early-onset and late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD),and the kinds of early trauma in the cause of OCD. Methods Three hundred and twenty-six patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and 480 healthy con-trols were enrolled. Early Trauma Inventory-Short Form ( ETI-SF) was applied to assess the early trauma ex-perience,compare the difference of early trauma experience between early-onset ( n=138) and late-onset ( n=188) OCD,and the kinds of early trauma in the cause of OCD. Results There were significant differences in the early trauma experience between obsessive-compulsive disorder group and control group((3.90±3.61) vs (1.88±2.61), P<0.01).Scores of physical((1.12±1.38) vs (0.71±1.23), P=0.001),emotional((1.58± 1.71) vs (0.42±1.01), P<0.01),and sexual abuse((0.27±0.59) vs (0.09±0.36), P=0.001),and a gener-al traumatic experience((0.94±1.17) vs (0.66±1.09), P<0.01) were significant difference between patients and controls. Except sexual abuse((0.30±0.66) vs (0.24±0.67), P=0.42),there were significant differ-ences in the early trauma between early-onset and late-onset OCD((5.12±3.58) vs (3.01±3.38), P<0.01), especially emotional abuse((2.18±1.76) vs (1.12±1.53), P<0.01).247(75.8%) OCD patients and 79(57. 9%) healthy controls experienced early trauma(χ2=21.48, P<0.01). Experiencing one kind of early trau-ma,the prevalence of OCD was 39.1%,two kind was 61.0%,three kind of early trauma was 65.8%,and ex-periencing four or more kind of early trauma,the prevalence of OCD was up to 84.4%. Conclusion OCD patients have much more early trauma,especially early-onset OCD. Experiencing more kind of early trauma, and the prevalence of OCD higher may associated with the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is important to consider the role of childhood trauma in the prevention and treatment of OCD.

Objective To investigate the effect of MDR1 and MDR3 gene silence by shRNA of human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7/Adr,and explore the role of MDR1 and MDR3 in adriamycin-resistance of breast carcinoma cells. Methods shRNA plasmid vector specifically targeting MDR1 and MDR3 gene was transfected into cells. The control group was transfected with empty vector. The concentration of adriamycin was detected by the flow cytometry (FCM). Cell apoptosis was analysed by FITC-Annexin-V/PI double staining. Cell viability and the IC50 of adriamycin on MCF-7/Adr cells were determined by MTT method. MDR1 and MDR3 mRNA were assessed by RT-PCR. P-gp expression was detectedby immunochemistry. Results After treatment with ABCB1 and ABCB4 shRNA plasmid vector, the apoptosis of MCF-7/Adr cells was (30.21±1.65)%and (22.07±2.17)% respectively. Compared with untransfecedgroup and empty vector transfection group the difference was significant(P＜0.01). MDR1 and MDR3 shRNAcould increase cellular adriamycin accumulation of MCF-7/Adr cells. MCF-7/Adr cells viability and the IC50were significantly decreased after transfection. Compared with untransfeced group and empty vector transfectiongroup, the mRNA level of MDR1 and MDR3 in MCF-7/Adr cells were decreased by (89.5±0.8)%and(85.1±1.2)%, the reduction of MDR1 and MDR3 mRNA was in a time-dependent manner. Immunochemistry proved that the expression of p-gp was significantly inhibited. Compared with untransfeced group and empty vector transfection group the difference was significant (P＜0.05). Conclusion The shRNA can effectively and specifically silence the expression of MDR1 and MDR3 gene, reverse the adriamycin-resistance mediated by P-gp in MCF-7/Adr cells. The reversal effect of adriamycin-resistance by shRNA of MDR1 is more effective than that of MDR3.

Objective To explore the application value of two-dimensional echocardiography with spatio-temporal im-age correlation (STIC) in fetal congenital heart disease (CHD) prenatal ultrasonography. Methods 11 036 hearts of fetus were inspected by severalviews order scanning method and for STIC volume database acquisition and off-line a-nalysis congenital heart disease fetus for autopsy after induced labor or contrast the follow-up results after birth. Re-sults 97 cases with spatio-temp-oral image correlation in 176 cases congenital heart and great vessels exception (dysrhythmias not including) with simple two-dimensional echocardiography,92 cases were accordant (one case with incorporative intracardiac malformation missed diagnosis);in screened congenital heart disease fetus,STIC (n=79) and routine ultrasonography (n=87) took (7.76±2.42) min and (9.68±2.13) min per case,respectively;in dif-ferent gestational weeks,the quality of the images derived from volume datasets were comparable to that directly ob-tained from 2D echocardiography. Conclusion STIC technology can be used as effective supplementary means of 2D echocardiography, and the combination can further improve the prenatal diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease.

The resting cells of Citrobacter freundii 48003 3 expressing high tyrosine phenol lyase activity under the inducing of L tyrosine were used for L DOPA synthesis from catechol, pyruvate and ammonia In this paper, the effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentrations on the synthesis of L DOPA were studied At the optimal conditions of reaction, 9 5g/L of L DOPA was obtained in 12h

0.05)than 20 of those well-cared patients.Conclusion:The results from the tests by the YWG neuropsychological training system indicate it can demonstrate the severity of the schizophrenia and the cognitive dysfunction of the schizophrenics;therefore,these tests can be applied to clinic.

Objective To determine the effect of bacille Calmette-Guerin-polysaccharide nucleic acid (BCG/PSN)on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in Nc/Nga mice.Methods Fifteen mice were randomly and equally classified into 3 groups,i.e.,control group receiving topical acetone on foot pad and abdomen and intraperitoneal injection of physiological saline,model group receiving topical 5% DNCB solution and intraperitoneal injection of physiological saline,treatment group receiving 5% DNCB solution and intraperitoneal iniection of BCG/PSN,and all drugs were used every other day for 7 weeks.Further more,0.1% DNCB was topically applied on the ear and neck of Nc/Nga mice once a week from week 2 to week 7.The effects of BCG/PSN were evaluated by ear thickness,skin histopathology and immunological parameters.Results Repeated application of DNCB caused the development of eczematous dermatitis in mice.Mice in model group chnieally manifested skin dryness,erythema,edema and erosion with histopathological changes including dermal and epidermal thickening,hyperkeratosis,and inflammatory infiltration.The serum levels of IL-4 and IrE in model group were significantly higher than those in control group[(174.72±12.64)μg/L vs (17.32±3.56)μg/L,(91.49±6.32)ng/L vs (83.95±6.63)ng/L,both P<0.05].Increased serum IL-12 and IFN-γ and decreased serum IgE were observed in treatment group compared with the model group[(122.10±4.64)ng/L vs (20.14±6.15)ng/L(73.89±2.39)ng/L vs (51.53±3.45)ng/L, (84.27±9.35)μg/L vs (174.72±12.64)μg/L, all P<0.05].Conclusion BCG/PSN might be beneficial for the treatment of atopie dermatitis-like skin lesions in Nc/Nga mice by enhancing the secretion of IL-12 and IFN-γ and suppressing the synthesis of IgE.

Objective To highlight the characteristics of pulmonary sequestration (PS) with combination of practical experience and review of literature. Methods One patient with PS confirmed by biopsy was described and the relevant literatures of 279 cases were reviewed. Results PS can be divided into two types: intralobar type and extralobar type. The percentage of intralobar type is about 78.5%, intralobar type is 13.3%, other unreported is 8.2%. Clinically, PS was often combined by repeated pulmonary infection. The mis-diagnose rate is 72.8%. Etrograde arteriography or enhanced CT scan could find the abnormal artery, from which we can make correct diagnosis. The diagnose rate is 100%. Conclusion For patients with above clinical and X-ray symptoms, PS should be considered. Enhanced CT or retropgrade arteriography examination should be done as soon as possible. Timely diagnosis and surgery treatment are important for curing this kind of disease.