Bile acids (BAs) are a major component of bile salt, which plays a vital role in the metabolism of lipids in humans. Ninety-five percent of bile acids are recycled by the enterohepatic circulation (EHC), and therefore EHC is essential for bile acid homeostasis. There are four transporters that mediate the transmembrane transport of bile acids, each of which plays an important role in the enterohepatic circulation. Gene defects in bile acid transporters can lead to disorders of the enterohepatic circulation, ultimately leading to clinical phenotypes such as metabolic diseases and even death. Bile transporter expression is altered in patients with various metabolic disease states, suggesting that disruption of bile acid transporters may be a pivotal pathological mechanism for the development of metabolism diseases. Thus, many drugs targeting bile acid transporters are being developed. We provide a concise overview of the progress of bile acid transporters research, discuss the relationship between different bile acid transporters and disease development, and summarize the current progress in drug development targeting bile acid transporters.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors ; diagnosis ; genetics ; therapy ; Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; metabolism ; pathology ; Brain Diseases, Metabolic ; diagnosis ; genetics ; therapy ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Glutarates ; metabolism ; Glutaryl-CoA Dehydrogenase ; deficiency ; genetics ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Lysine ; metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Multiple Acyl Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency ; diagnosis ; genetics ; therapy ; Mutation ; Neonatal Screening ; methods ; Radiography

The effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin injection (CSII, n=306) and multiple subcutaneous insulin injection (MSII, n=310)on hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus were compared. The results suggest that the effect of CSII is more prompt and efficient with lower incidence of hypoglycemia as compared with MSII.

Objective To investigate the correlation between microalbuminuria (MAU) and obesity and its indexes, including BMI, waist circumference(WC), and waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) , among partial community population in Beijing. Methods A total of 2080 subjects who took physical examination in Beijing, including 810 men and 1270 women with a mean age of(50. 9 ± 13. 1 )years, were enrolled. The informed consent has been achieved from each patients. BMI and WHR were calculated based on collected data of height, weight, WC, and hipline. Urine albumin-creatinine ratio(ACR) within the range of 30-300mg/g was classified as MAU. The subjects were divided into normal albuminuria ( NAU ) group and MAU group. The correlations between MAU and different obesity indexes including BMI, WC and WHR, were analyzed. Results Among the 2080 subjects, there was a positive correlation between BMI (r = 0. 1276,P＜0.01) and ACR, and WC (r = 0.0840, P ＜0.01) and ACR. WHR and ACR was irrelevant ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). In univariate analysis, there was significant difference in BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 ( OR = 2. 02 ) and WC ≥85 cm (male) or≥80 cm (female) (OR = 1.69 ) between NAU group and MAU group (P ＜ 0. 05 ).There was no significant difference in BMI 24-＜ 28 kg/m2, and WHR ≥0. 90 (male) or ≥0. 85 (female)between NAU group and MAU group( P≥0. 05 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that BMI ( OR = 1.06) was an isolated independent risk factor of MAU from age ( OR = 1.01 ), female ( OR = 1.42),systolic blood pressure (OR=1.01), TC (OR=1.93) and HDL-C (OR=0.54). Conclusions Obesity is an independent risk factor of MAU among partial community population in Beijing. The correlation between different obesity indexes and MAU also differs.

Objective To study the clinicopathologic characteristics and differential diagnosis of T-cell immunophenotype in intestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL).Methods The clinicopathologic characteristics of 13 cases with intestinal T-cell lymphoma were analyzed by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry(Envision detection method).Results The lesions of 8 cases with T-cell lymphoma were found on the small intestine and 5 on the colon.Grossly,8 cases showed ulcer pattern,3 polypoid pattern and 2 presented as a regional thickening of intestinal wall.The tumor cells were medium to large size with pleomorphic nuclei and inflammatory background.The neoplastic lesions expressed the immunophenotype of peripheral T cells.The neoplastic cells of 13 cases(100%)expressed leukocyte common antigen(LCA);10(76.9%)cases expressed CD3;9(69.2%)CD45RO;5(38.5%)EB virus(EBV);3(23.1%)CD56 and 2(15.4%)vimentin(VIM).All the cases were negative for CD20,CD79a,CK,CDX2,NSE,CgA and CD117.ConclusionIntestinal T-cell lymphoma is a rare,aggressive neoplasm with poor prognosis and should be distinguished from other malignant tumors of intestine.

Objective To explore the oxidative stress pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease(PD) induced by paraquat in substantia nigra of mice. Methods The model of PD was established by oral administration of paraquat to mice.The spectrophotometry was used to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX) and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA) in substantia nigra.At the same time,number of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) positive neurons in substantia nigra of mice was estimated by immunohistochemistry. Results The activities of SOD and GSH-PX were significantly decreased,and the content of MDA was increased in paraquat-treated mice compared to that of mice treated by saline taken orally(P

Objective To explore the methods of training for therapists. Methods The students participated in 2014 Beijing Clinical Shortage of Manpower Training Programs (Therapist) by Beijing Quality Control and Improvement Center of Medical Rehabilitation accepted theoretical and operating training and tests. They were interviewed for the situation of training program. Results 39 students had completed the training with the average age of (28.41±6.05) years. The average scores of theory test was (76.23±5.70), and it was (87.18±8.00) of operation. The score of theory test was more than that before the training (P<0.01). From interview, a total of 59 recommendations were obtained, which focused on the quality of training of training provider and the support from sending institutes. Conclusion Beijing Clinical Shortage of Manpower Training Programs (Therapist) has improved the academic and operative level of therapists.

Asthma ; blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Complement Membrane Attack Complex ; analysis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; blood ; Male ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; blood

Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; Humans ; Periodontitis ; immunology

Objective To evaluate the effect of training for therapists based on Kirkpatrick's Four-level Model. Methods Totally 39 ther-apists who completed 2014 Beijing Clinical Shortage of Manpower Training Programs (Therapist) were investigated with Kirkpatrick's Four-level Model, named reaction, learning, behavior and results. Results For reaction level, the total satisfaction was high, but different with the degree of education, especially in the items of Participate in Training, Type of Cases, Organizing on Practice Training, Organizing Case Discussions and Get A Lot of Benefits from the Training (F>4.59, P<0.05). For learning level, the test scores were significantly differ-ent before and after the training (t>9.53, P<0.001). For behavior level, the self-reports of the therapists, and the reports from their depart-ment directors and colleagues all agreed that their ability improved after training (t>4.44, P<0.001). For results level, eleven therapists passed the rehabilitation therapist test, two therapists participated in some researches, and one published an article. Conclusion The thera-pists satisfied in the training, that may improve the ability of therapists to contribute to their organization.