Objective: To analyze the incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in China from 2003 to 2007. Methods: The registration data during 2003 to 2007 from 32 cities/ counties were used to estimate stomach cancer incidence and mortality and their changing trends in China. Results: The crude incidence rate of stomach cancer was 33.14/100 000 and the age-standardized rate (ASR) by world population was 23.09/100 000, ranked the second of all new cancer cases during 2003 to 2007 in China. A higher incidence rate was found in the males than in the females. In the same time period, the crude mortality rate of stomach cancer was 24.34/100 000, and the ASR by world population was 16.39/100 000, ranked the third of all cancer deaths, with a higher rate in the males than in the females. The age-specific incidence and mortality rates were increased with increasing age. The differences of ASR in the incidence and the mortality by world population among different regions were found as high as 16.3 and 19.1 folds in the males, and 17.5 and 27.0 folds in the females, respectively. Conclusion: The incidence and mortality of stomach cancer are still high in China from 2003 to 2007. There are substantial variations in the incidence and mortality rates of stomach cancer by age and region. Copyright © 2012 by TUMOR.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the mortality distribution characteristics and epidemiological trend of lung cancer in 2004 - 2005 in China.

METHODSA total of 142 660 482 person years (72 970 241 person years in male, 69 690 241 person years in female) was covered in the Third National Retrospective Sampling Survey of Death Causes in China, 2004 - 2005. All death records of cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung were extracted. According to the different variations such as gender, urban or rural areas and three territory regions-Eastern, Central and Western China for lung cancer deaths, crude, age-adjusted, area-adjusted death rate, the constitute proportion to all cancer deaths, age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population and by world standard population and rank of cancer-specific mortality were calculated. The statistic indexes of mortality were compared with that of previous retrospective death surveys in 1973 - 1975 and 1990 - 1992.

RESULTSIn the National Death Survey 2004 - 2005, there were 43 993 deaths caused by lung cancer with crude death rate of 30.84/100 000, age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population of 20.24/100 000 and 27.62/100 000 by world standard population, accounted for 22.70% of total cancer deaths (193 841 cases). There were a total of 30 167 cancer deaths in male with crude death rate of 41.34/100 000 and 13 826 in female with crude death rate of 19.84/100 000. Lung cancer mortality was increased with age. In urban areas, the lung cancer was ranked the first cancer death causes with crude death rate of 40.98/100 000 (19 628/47 899 806), accounted for 27.29% of all cancer deaths. While in rural areas, the lung cancer was the second cancer death following liver cancer with crude death rate of 25.71/100 000 (24 365/94 760 676), accounted for 19.99% of all cancer deaths (121 905 cases). There were different death rates by different location division. Lung cancer crude death rate in east was the highest with rate of 37.85/100 000 (19 893/52 556 694) and in west was the lowest with rate of 21.76/100 000(8774/40 322 563). Crude death rate of lung cancer increased by 75.83% compared with the second survey (crude death rate was 17.54/100 000) in 1990 - 1992, increased by 464.84% compared with the first survey (crude death rate was 5.46/100 000) in 1973 - 1975, showing a significant uptrend.

CONCLUSIONLung cancer is the most important cancer affecting the health of Chinese urban residents. The mortality has been increasing significantly.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Death Certificates ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo understand the current epidemiological characteristics as well as the trends of stomach cancer deaths in China.

METHODSThe data of stomach cancer mortalities in 2004 - 2005, from 158 sampling areas in the Third National Retrospective Sampling Survey of Death Causes in China, were analyzed and compared with the results from previous two national surveys.

RESULTSThe crude and age-standardized death rates of stomach cancer were 24.71/100 000 (35 250/142 660 482) and 16.16/100 000, respectively, accounted for 18.19% (35 250/193 841) and ranking third of cancer causes in the national sampling areas of China in 2004 - 2005. Those crude death rate increased by 42.01% while the age-standardized death rate decreased by 8.70% compared to the results in 1973 - 1975 (17.40/100 000 and 17.70/100 000), and both decreased 1.79% and 25.74% from 1990 - 1992 (25.16/100 000 and 21.76/100 000), respectively. For urban residents of the sampling areas, the crude and age-standardized death rates of stomach cancer were 22.98/100 000 (11 005/47 899 806) and 13.63/100 000, accounted for 15.03% (11 005/71 936) of cancer causes in 2004 - 2005, which increased by 18.21% and decreased by 31.16% from 1973 - 1975 (19.44/100 000 and 19.80/100 000), and increased by 18.21% and decreased by 11.15% from 1990 - 1992 (19.44/100 000 and 15.34/100 000), respectively. While for rural residents in the sampling areas, the crude and age-standardized death rates were 25.59/100 000 (24 245/94 760 676) and 17.64/100 000, accounted for 19.89% (24 245/121 905) of cancer causes, both increased by 53.97% and 3.76% from 1973 - 1975 (16.62/100 000 and 17.00/100 000), and both decreased by 5.78% and 27.59% from 1990 - 1992 (27.16/100 000 and 24.36/100 000), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe current stomach cancer is still one of predominant cancers in China. The consistently substantial decreases in age-standardized death rates of stomach cancer might prompt the beneficial impact on reducing the risks for that cancer by the social economical development during recent decades in China.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Data Collection ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Sampling Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDPrevious discovery that long-term administration of pentoxifylline (PTX) to mice chronically exposed to smoke led to the development of pulmonary fibrosis rather than emphysema initiated our curiosity on whether the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, a set of signaling proteins essential to organ development and lung morphogenesis in particular were activated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.

METHODSMale BALB/c mice were randomized into four study groups: Group Sm, smoke exposure and taken regular forage; Group PTX, no smoke but taken PTX-rich forage; Group Sm + PTX, smoke exposure and taken PTX-rich forage; Group control: shamed smoke exposure and taken regular forage. Animals were sacrificed at day 120. Morphometry of the lung sections and the expressions of TGF-β(1), hydroxyproline, β-catenin, cyclin D1, T cell factor 1 (Tcf-1) and lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (Lef-1) mRNA, etc, in the lung homogenate or in situ were qualitatively or quantitatively analyzed.

RESULTSAs expected, smoke exposure along with PTX administration for 120 days, lungs of the mice progressed to be a fibrosis-like phenotype, with elevated fibrosis score (3.9 ± 1.1 vs. 1.7 ± 0.6 in Group Sm, P < 0.05). TGF-β(1) (pg/g) (1452.4 ± 465.7 vs. 818.9 ± 202.8 in Group Sm, P < 0.05) and hydroxyproline (mg/g) (5.6 ± 0.6, vs. 2.4 ± 0.1 in Group Sm, P < 0.05) were also consistently increased. The upregulation of β-catenin measured either by counting the cell with positive staining in microscopic field (17.4 ± 7.9 vs. 9.9 ± 2.9 in Group Sm, P < 0.05) or by estimation of the proportion of blue-stained area by Masson's trichrome (11.8 ± 5.6 vs. 4.7 ± 2.4 in Group Sm) in Group SM + PTX was much more noticeable as than those in Group Sm. The expression of β-catenin measured by positive cell counts was correlated to TGF-β(1) concentration in lung tissue (r = 0.758, P < 0.001). PTX per se caused neither fibrosis nor emphysema though expression of β-catenin and downstream gene cyclin D(1) may also be altered by this medication.

CONCLUSIONSPTX mediated transformation of pulmonary emphysema into pulmonary fibrosis under chronic cigarette smoke exposure is associated with upregulation of β-catenin and elevation of TGF-β(1), implying that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.

Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Pentoxifylline ; pharmacology ; Pulmonary Emphysema ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; genetics ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; adverse effects ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism ; Wnt Proteins ; metabolism ; beta Catenin ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEBased on the registered female breast cancer data from 1998 to 2007, to analyze the incidence of female breast cancer during the period and then to predict its trend from 2008 to 2015.

METHODSThe incidence data of breast cancer from 1998 to 2007 were sorted from National Cancer Registry Database, including 74 936 cases from urban areas and 8230 cases from rural areas, separately covering 164 830 893 and 55 395 229 person years. The crude incidence rates in urban and rural areas were calculated, and the age-standardized rate (ASR) was adjusted by World Segi's population composition. JoinPoint software was applied to analyze the 10 years' incidence trend and calculated the annual percentage of changing (APC), while Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian Model was used to fit the data and predict the incidence of breast cancer between 2008 and 2015.

RESULTSFrom 1998 to 2007, the incidence of breast cancer in the urban cancer registration areas was 45.46/100 000 (74 936/164 830 893), whose ASR was 31.28/100 000. While in rural registration areas, the incidence and ASR was 14.86/100 000 (8230/55 395 229) and 12.13/100 000. The breast cancer incidence in urban and rural areas separately rose from 36.17/100 000 (3920/10 838 355) and 10.39/100 000 (436/4 197 806) in 1998 to 51.24/100 000 (11 302/22 057 787) and 19.61/100 000 (1475/7 522 690) in 2007. During the 10 years, the breast cancer incidence increased both in urban and rural areas, but the increase rate in rural incidence (6.3%) was more significant than it in urban areas (3.9%). Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian Model predicted that the breast cancer incidence would increase to 53.87/100 000 (185 585 new cases) in urban areas and 40.14/100 000 (132 432 new cases) in rural areas, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe breast cancer incidence has been increasing annually both in urban and rural areas in China; and an annually increase number of new cases have been predicted.

Breast Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Registries ; Rural Population ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVEBased on the data from National Cancer Registry between 1998 and 2007, to analyze the colorectal cancer incidence trend in China, and further to predict its incidence between 2008 and 2015.

METHODSWe picked up the incidence data of 111 281 cases of colorectal cancer in total from National Central Cancer Registry Database between 1998 and 2007, covering 446 734 668 person-year. The annual incidence rate of colorectal cancer both by area and gender were calculated; while the age standardized rate (ASR) was standardized by world's population age structure. The incidence trend was analyzed and the annual percentage change (APC) was calculated by JoinPoint software. Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian Model was applied to fit the colorectal cancer incidence trend in China between 1998 and 2007; and further to predict its incidence between 2008 and 2015.

RESULTSFrom 1998 to 2007, the colorectal cancer registered incidence was 24.91/100 000 (111 281/446 734 668), with the ASR at 17.67/100 000. The incidence in male population was 26.50/100 000 (60 015/226 508 545), with ASR at 19.90/100 000; and the incidence in female was 23.28/100 000 (51 266/220 226 123), with ASR at 15.73/100 000. In urban area, the male incidence rose from 23.29/100 000 (2617/11 237 967) in 1998 to 37.84/100 000 (8534/22 551 353) in 2007; while the female incidence increased from 21.75/100 000 (2357/10 838 355) to 31.34/100 000 (6913/22 057 787). And in rural areas, the male and female incidences rose from 10.36/100 000 (448/4 323 628) and 8.86/100 000 (372/4 197 806) in 1998 to 16.80/100 000 (1290/7 677 484) and 13.00/100 000 (978/7 522 690) in 2007 respectively. In this decade, the colorectal cancer incidence has increased both in urban and rural areas. In urban area, the male APC value was 5.5% and the female APC value was 4.0%; while in rural area, the male and female APC values were 6.0% and 4.3% respectively. After adjusted by age structure, the uptrend became gently; with the urban male and urban female APC values separately increased by 3.7%, 2.5% and 2.3%. The rural male APC value rocketed up by 8.4% after its inflection point in 2004. The Bayesian model predicted that the male and female colorectal cancer incidences would separately reach 33.92/100 000 (125 thousand cases) and 27.13/100 000 (93 thousand cases) in urban areas; and 13.61/100 000 (48 thousand cases) and 13.68/100 000 (45 thousand cases) in rural areas by year 2015.

CONCLUSIONThe colorectal cancer incidence in China has been increasing annually; and it will continue to rise in the next years.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bayes Theorem ; China ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Registries ; Rural Population ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVEBased on the registered esophageal cancer data from 1998 to 2007, to analyze the incidence of esophageal cancer during the period and then to predict its trend between year 2008 and 2015.

METHODSThe incidence data of esophageal cancer between 1998 and 2007 were sorted from National Cancer Registry Database. Data from forty selected registries were qualified and recruited in the study, including 86 427 cases in total, covering 446 734 668 person years. Crude incidence rates were calculated by area and gender. The standardized incidence rate was adjusted by World Segi's population composition. JoinPoint software was applied to analyze the 10 years' incidence trend and calculated the annual percentage change, while Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian Model was used to fit the data and predict the incidence between 2008 and 2015.

RESULTSBetween 1998 and 2007, the crude incidence rates among males and females in urban areas were separately 16.58/100 000 (28 207/170 131 309) and 7.14/100 000 (11 761/164 830 893), with standardized rates at 12.06/100 000 and 4.55/100 000, respectively. In rural areas, the crude incidence rates and the standardized rates were separately 51.98/100 000 (29 303/56 377 236) and 47.18/100 000 among males, and 30.97/100 000 (17 156/55 395 230) and 25.30/100 000 among females. During the ten years, the crude incidence trend of esophageal cancer among urban females decreased from 10.29/100 000 (1115/10 838 355) in 1998 to 6.29/100 000 (1387/22 057 787) in 2007. However, the crude incidence rate among rural males increased from 47.69/100 000 (2062/4 323 628) to 54.80/100 000 (4207/7 677 484) in the same period. And the rate among rural females and urban males did not change obviously. After adjusting population structure, in urban areas, the male incidence rate decreased by 2.1% annually and female incidence rate dropped by 7.5% annually. In rural areas, the female incidence rate fell by 1.3% annually, while the male incidence rate remained the same without significant changes. The prediction model estimated that there would be 134 474 new esophageal cancer cases diagnosed in year 2015, including 104 400 males and 30 074 females, while 52 506 cases came from urban areas and the other 81 968 cases were from rural areas.

CONCLUSIONThe esophageal cancer incidence showed a downtrend, especially among urban females. By year 2015, the threat of esophageal cancer will be alleviated.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bayes Theorem ; China ; epidemiology ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Registries ; Rural Population ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVEBased on the cancer registry data during 1998 - 2007, to analyze the incidence of liver cancer in China and predict the trend of incidence of liver cancer between 2008 and 2015.

METHODSLiver cancer incidence data from cancer registry between 1998 and 2007 was collected, including a total of 115 417 cases, covering 446 734 668 person-year. We calculated the annual incidence rate of liver cancer by gender and area. Age-standardized rate (ASR) was calculated by the world's population age structure. JoinPoint software was applied to analyze the incidence trend and calculate annual percent change (APC). Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian Model was used to fit the incidence trend and predict the incidence trend between 2008 and 2015.

RESULTSFrom 1998 to 2007, according to the data from cancer registry, the liver cancer incidence was 25.84/100 000 (115 417/446 734 668), with the ASR at 18.82/100 000. In urban areas, the male incidence was 34.30/100 000 (58 353/170 131 309), with ASR at 24.99/100 000; while the female incidence was 12.33/100 000 (20 324/164 830 893), with ASR at 7.99/100 000. In rural areas, the male incidence was 48.56/100 000 (27 378/56 377 236), with ASR at 42.27/100 000; while the female incidence was 16.90/100 000 (9362/55 395 230), with ASR at 13.52/100 000. During the decade, in urban areas, the APC of male and female liver cancer incidence rates were separately 1.1% and -0.5%, with ASR at -0.5% and -1.9%; while in rural areas, the APC of male and female liver cancer incidence rates were separately 3.7% and 3.1%, with ASR at 1.9% and 1.3%. Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian Model predicted that in urban areas, the male and female incidence of liver cancer in 2015 would reach 30.73/100 000 (113 279 cases) and 10.44/100 000 (35 978 cases), with ASR at 23.70/100 000 and 7.21/100 000, respectively; while in rural areas, the incidence rates would increase to 51.67/100 000 (182 382 cases) and 15.03/100 000 (49 580 cases), with ASR at 39.80/100 000 and 10.45/100 000, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe incidence of liver cancer will increase between 2008 and 2015, but its ASR will decrease slightly. In the near future, the number of new liver cancer cases will keep increasing. Liver cancer is still the dominant cancer and one key point for cancer prevention and control in China.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bayes Theorem ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Liver Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Registries ; Rural Population ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEBased on the national cancer incidence database from 1998 to 2007, to analyze the cancer incidence trend and predict the cancer burden between 2008 and 2015.

METHODSWe picked up the cancer incidence data of 40 cancer registry sites from National Central Cancer Registry Database between 1998 and 2007. In total, 1 109 594 cancer cases were registered, covering 446 734 668 person-year. The separate incidence by district and gender were calculated, and the standardized incidence rate was calculated by world's population age structure. The incidence trend between the 10 years was analyzed by JoinPoint software, as well as the age-percentage-changes (APC). Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian Model was applied to fit the cancer incidence data stratified by age, district and gender. The cancer incidence between 2008 and 2015 was then predicted.

RESULTSDuring the period of 1998 - 2007, in urban areas, the male cancer incidence rate was 277.61/100 000 (472 307/170 131 309), with the age standardized rate (ASR) at 202.05/100 000; while the female cancer incidence rate was 236.35/100 000 (389 586/164 830 893), with the ASR at 159.15/100 000; in rural areas, the male and female cancer incidence rates were separately 272.23/100 000 (153 478/56 377 236) and 170.09/100 000 (94 223/55 395 230), with the corresponding ASR at 244.34/100 000 and 137.90/100 000. Crude incidence rate in urban men increased from 247.00/100 000 (27 758/11 237 967) in 1998 to 305.76/100 000 (68 953/22 551 353) in 2007; while it increased from 207.37/100 000 (22 476/10 838 355) to 263.20/100 000 (58 055/22 057 787) among urban women. The crude incidence rate in rural men increased from 232.33/100 000 (10 045/4 323 628) to 303.65/100 000 (23 313/7 677 484) and it increased from 139.03/100 000 (5836/4 197 806) to 197.40/100 000 (14 850/7 522 690) among rural women. After age adjustment, the urban male APC value (95%CI) was 0.5% (-0.2% - 1.3%), showed no significantly statistical difference. However, the urban female APC value (95%CI), rural male APC value (95%CI) and rural female APC value (95%CI) were separately 1.7% (1.3% - 2.0%), 1.8% (0.9% - 2.6%) and 2.8% (1.8% - 3.7%), all showed an obvious uptrend. The outcome of Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian model predicted that by year 2015, the incidence cancer rate in urban areas will reach 309.13/100 000 (1.140 million new cases) among males and 303.79/100 000 (1.046 million new cases) among females; while in rural areas the rate will reach 288.66/100 000 (1.019 million new cases) among males and 222.59/100 000 (0.734 million new cases) among females.

CONCLUSIONThe cancer incidence has increased annually; the uptrend in rural areas was more obvious than it in urban areas; the uptrend in females was more obvious than it in males. It is predicted that the annual incidence will continue to increase in the next years, and effective control programs should be carried out immediately.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bayes Theorem ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Registries ; Rural Population ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

To estimate the cancer incidences and mortalities in China in 2010, the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) of China evaluated data for the year of 2010 from 145 qualified cancer registries covering 158,403,248 people (92,433,739 in urban areas and 65,969,509 in rural areas). The estimates of new cancer cases and cancer deaths were 3,093,039 and 1,956,622 in 2010, respectively. The percentage of morphologically verified cases were 67.11%; 2.99% of incident cases were identified through death certification only, with the mortality to incidence ratio of 0.61. The crude incidence was 235.23/100,000 (268.65/100,000 in males and 200.21/100,000 in females). The age-standardized rates by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and by world standard population (ASR world) were 184.58/100,000 and 181.49/100,000, respectively, with a cumulative incidence (0-74 years old) of 21.11%. The crude cancer mortality was 148.81/100,000 (186.37/100,000 in males and 109.42/100,000 in females). The ASR China and ASR world were 113.92/100,000 and 112.86/100,000, respectively, with a cumulative mortality of 12.78%. Lung, breast, gastric, liver, esophageal, colorectal, and cervical cancers were the most common cancers. Lung, liver, gastric, esophageal, colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancers were the leading causes of cancer deaths. The coverage of cancer registration has rapidly increased in China in recent years and may reflect more accurate cancer burdens among populations living in different areas. Given the increasing cancer burden in the past decades, China should strengthen its cancer prevention and control.
China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Registries