Adolescent ; Child ; Confidentiality ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Disclosure ; Humans ; Pediatrics ; ethics ; Psychology, Adolescent

Child ; China ; Humans ; Pediatrics ; Research

China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Neonatal Screening

The development in Chinese child health care demands the communication with the society of education.Bio-education is a new promising subject integrating bio-science with education.It is the evidence-based science that combines biology,neuro-physiology,neuro-psychology,brain science with education to study the educational phenomenon of mankind and its principles.It is a bridge through which bio-medicine communicates with education.This new subject will be helpful to build up the new model of integrating medicine with education.It will accelerate both of the basic and applicable research in children's growth and development,learning ability,social adaptive ability and health improvement.Hence,either the field of bio-medicine or education will thrive on the newly founded subject.

Child ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Nutritional Status ; Zinc ; deficiency

Objective To identify the influential factors in family on late talkers. Methods A cluster sampling survey was conducted on Shanghai healthy children aged 24 months to 35 months from 10 districts. Children with vocabularies less than 30 were identified as late talkers. Univariate analysis and Logistic stepwise regression analysis were performed to analyse the related environmental factors. Results There were 2 774 effective samples, and 115 late talkers (4.1%) were identified. Nine risk factors were found out from 26 environmental factors by univariate analysis, among which 5 were further identified by Logistic stepwise regression analysis as significant risk factors: urban life, education of father lower than middle school, using one language, male caregiver and lack of communication between child and caregiver. Conclusion Avoiding risk factors and providing favourable language environment may help to prevent language delay in children.

Child ; China ; Humans ; Lead Poisoning ; prevention & control ; Public Health Practice

Child ; Disease Susceptibility ; etiology ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Pollutants ; Health Status ; Humans

Child ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Lead Poisoning ; prevention & control

Cofactor engineering, a vital part of metabolism engineering, changes the redox cofactor regeneration approach. Its main goal is to rebuild the components of metabolic products. The bioconversion of xylose for the production of ethanol is being studied intensively because ethanol is an alternative energy source and a potential liquid fuel. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been traditionally used in producing ethanol from fermentable sugars but it cannot utilize xylose, only its isomer xylulose. Introduction of the xylose fermentation pathway from Pichia stipitis into S. cerevisiae enables xylose utilization in recombinant S. cerevisiae, but the ethanol yields of xylose fermentation with recombinant S. cerevisiae has been low and large amounts of the byproduct xylitol are produced. The major reason is that the catabolism of xylose with the fungal pathway leads an imbalance of redox cofactor. The process of the catabolism of xylose requires NADPH and NAD~+, both of which have to be regenerated in separated processes. More and more attention has therefore focused on the redox cofactor balance in S. cerevisia. The research progress of cofactor engineering to solve the imbalance of redox cofactor in xylose metabolism recombinant S. cerevisiae was introduced. This included expression of transhydrogenase, increasing the utilization of NADPH, and achieving the anaerobic reoxidation of NADH. Reversing the cofactor specificity of enzymes is another effective way.