AlM:To discuss the feasibility of microcoria optometry in screening for children ametropia. METHODS: Totally 217 school - age children were selected, included 94 first-grade students ( 6 ~ 8 years old) and 123 fourth-grade students ( 9 ~12 years old ) . Refractive diopter was measured with automatic refractor RM-8000 to evaluate the accuracy of micocoria optometry in screening ametropia.RESULTS: After cycloplegia, both the mean sphere diopter and cylinder diopter in grade one students changed significantly (P<0. 05), the mean sphere diopter in grade four students changed significantly (P<0. 05), while the mean cylinder diopter had no statistical difference ( P>0. 05 ) in grade four students. Different refractive type: before and after mydriasis spherical myopia, spherical equivalent difference was 0. 263 ± 0. 618 and 0.216±0.653D, with statistical significance (P<0.01);ln hyperopia group, spherical myopia, spherical equivalent difference was 0. 947±0. 946 and 1. 039±0. 984D, with statistical significance ( P = 0. 000 ). The lenticular difference between the two groups were not statistically different ( P > 0. 05 ). Choosing small pupil computer optometry for ≤- 1. 00D, ≥- 0. 50D child myopia or hyperopia could get more accurate value of diagnostic cutoffs, Youden index was 0. 672 and 0. 580. CONCLUSlON: Microcoria optometry can be as a effective method of screening of children with ametropia, but if for optometry, school-age children must accept mydriasis.

?Dry eye is a multi-factorial disease of tear film and ocular surface, and it can result in discomfort, visual disturbance and tear film instability and potential damage of ocular surface, accompanied by hyper osmolarity of tears and ocular surface inflammation. lnflammation is the key factor to dry eye. Many kinds of immune cells and inflammatory factors are involved in the occurrence and development of dry eye syndrome. Cell apoptosis, nerve dysregulation, disorders of sex hormones also play an important role in pathologic process of dry eye. Recently, while illustrating the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of dry eye has been made some progress, there is still no single standard. The possible mechanisms of ocular surface inflammation and tear dysfunction of dry eye were reviewed in this article.

Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration ; diagnosis

Objective To observe the parameters and effect of endocardial pacing by steel wire electrode cardiac puncture on heart with normal beat in living animal, and evaluate its safety.Methods After anaesthesia and thoracotomy in 6 living dogs with normal heart beat, the pericardia were excised. Steel wire electrodes with annular or hook tips were used respectively at right ventricular 4 corresponding spots to perform cardiac puncture endocardiac pacing (each dog experienced 8 times of puncture); the time from puncture to effective pacing, pacing parameter and puncture complication (time and quantity of bleeding) of each electrode at each spot were recorded. Finally, the two types of electrode completed 24 times of manipulation respectively; the data collected of the two types were compared. Results The cardiac pacing successful rates in the two groups were 100%; the time taken from the beginning of heart puncture to effective pacing in annular tip group was less than that in hook tip group, but the time difference between the two groups showed no statistical significance (s: 18.4±2.3 vs. 19.6±4.1,P > 0.05). The parameters of pacing in the annular tip group, such as operation time (s: 18.4±2.3 vs. 19.6±4.1), the threshold value of pacing (V: 2.1±0.2 vs. 2.2±0.8), the amplitude of R wave sensed (mV: 11.3±3.2 vs. 12.6±4.1) and the impedance of electrode (Ω: 674.2±89.7 vs. 668.5±101.3) were not significantly different compared with those in the hook tip group (allP > 0.05). Either after puncture or after the electrodes were taken out, the time of bleeding [after puncture (minutes): 4.4±2.3 vs. 4.5±3.1, after the electrodes taken out (minutes): 4.1±2.2 vs. 4.8±2.5] and the volume of bleeding [after puncture (mL): 2.8±2.4 vs. 3.2±3.5, after the electrodes taken out (mL): 3.3±1.7 vs. 3.5±2.6] were not significantly different between the two groups (allP > 0.05).Conclusions In living dogs with normal heart beat, the manipulation and function of endocardiac pacing by cardiac puncture with either steel wire annular or hook tip electrode are well and effective, and the performance is simple and safe without any serious myocardial injury and complication. Thus, it is helpful to quickly establish efficient endocardiac pacing in emergency cases.

Objective To study the genotype distribution of insulin receptor substrate-2(IRS-2)gene 1057G/A polymorphism in Han population from Southwest China,and to explore its association with the metabolism of glucose and lipids,insulin resistance and islet?-cell function in type 2 diabetic patients and subjects with impaired glucose tolerance(IGT).Methods A total of 929 Hans[462 patients with type 2 diabetes(DM group) and 164 subjects with IGT(IGT group)and 303 normal controls(NC group)]from Chongqing and nearby regions were screened for 1057G/A polymorphism of IRS-2 gene by PCR-RFLP assay.Body mass index(BMI),plasma glucose,serum insulin and lipid profile,high-sensitive C-reactive protein(hsCRP)and non-esterified fatty acid were measured.Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)and disposition index(DI)were used to estimate insulin resistance and?-cell function respectively.Results In DM group,A allele frequency was significantly lower than that in NC group(0.326 vs 0.388,X~2=6.19,P=0.01).Compared with NC group,AA genotype frequeney was lower and GG genotype frequeney was higher in DM group(0.104 vs 0.135 and 0.452 vs 0.360 respectively,X~2=6.80,P

OBJECTIVETo investigate drug resistance status in patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Shandong province.

METHODSA total of 758 patients were separated from the anticoagulatory whole blood during May and October in 2011. The entire protease gene and part of the reverse transcriptase gene were amplified by RT-PCR and nest-PCR in the samples with viral load larger than 1000 copies/ml, then sequenced the gene fragments. Mutation of drug resistant gene and drug susceptibility was analyzed by the online tool HIV db program developed by Stanford University.

RESULTSThe rate of virologic failure in patients was 9.1% (69/758). A total of 53 gene sequences that acquired were used for genotypic resistance analysis. A total of 23 patients were indicated drug resistance with the total of 3.1% (23/742). Drug resistance rates of nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and non-NRTI(NNRTI) were 2.4% (18/742) and 3.0% (22/742), respectively, and the primary mutation types of drug resistance were M184V and Y181C for NRTI and NNRTI, with no resistance to protease inhibitor (PI). In the 23 patients indicated drug resistance, 78.3% (18/23) were NRTI resistance, 95.7% (22/23) were NNRTI resistance and 73.9% (17/23) dual NRTI and NNRTI resistance.

CONCLUSIONThe presence of drug resistant gene in HIV strains among AIDS patients with HAART in Shandong province was at low level, but mutation diversity was found in drug resistant gene.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; drug therapy ; virology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; genetics ; Female ; Genes, Viral ; Genotype ; HIV-1 ; drug effects ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Sequence Analysis ; Viral Load ; Young Adult

Air Pollutants, Occupational ; analysis ; Female ; Hexanes ; analysis ; poisoning ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Exposure ; statistics & numerical data ; Shoes

To provide accurate information on geographic distribution of crude drug Sailonggu in the plateau, we identified zokor species (Eospalax spp.) in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using molecular methods. Based on the mitochondrial cytochrome B (cytb) gene sequences, we then extracted haplotypes from these sequences and reconstructed phylogenetic trees for the haplotypes using both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. Based on the trees, the species of each sample were determined. Five hundred and three samples from 35 populations were sequenced and their whole cytb sequences (1140 bp) were obtained. From these sequences 150 haplotypes were detected, in which, 126 were Eospalax baileyi, 20 were E. cansus, and 4 were E. smithi of the 35 populations, 28 were E. baileyi type, 5 were E. cansus type, and the remaining 2 were mixed of E. baileyi + E. cansus (DT2) and E. baileyi + E. smithi (ZN3). The results showed that, the regions around the Qinghai lake and near the upper stream of Yellow River started at Guide could be viewed as the producing area of authentic Sailonggu, and also, the cytb gene is a powerful molecular marker to determine the species of zokors as well as for the authentication of geographic distribution of Sailonggu.
Animals ; Bone and Bones ; metabolism ; Haplotypes ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; Phylogeny ; Rodentia ; classification ; genetics

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of combined usage of expanding coronal decompressive craniectomy and sequential dural incision for treating severe bilateral frontal contusion (SBFC).Methods Forty-three patients with SBFC were randomly divided by sequential single day after hospitalization into two groups.Observation group(23 cases) treated with expanding coronal decompressive craniectomy and sequential dural incision.Control group (20 cases) treated with standard hemicraniectomy and routine dural incision.ResultsThe occurrence rate of acute cephalocele was significantly lower in observation group [ 17.4％(4/23) ] than that in control group [ 55.0％(11/20) ] (P ＜ 0.05).According to Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score of six-month observation after operation,17 cases(73.9％,17/23) of observation group got favourable recovery or moderate deficit,other 6 cases(26.1％,6/23) got severe deficit,persistent vegetative status or death.While only 8 cases(40.0％,8/20) got favourable recovery or moderate deficit,12 cases ( 60.0％,12/20 ) got severe deficit,persistent vegetative status or death in control group.The rate of favourable recovery and moderate deficit of two groups had statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionCombination application of expanding coronal decompressive craniectomy and sequential dural incision is an effective method to treat patients with SBFC,and can obviously improve the rate of successful rescue and decrease the rate of mortality and disability.

Objective To evaluate the effect of low-dose ketamine on the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) under propofol anesthesia in depressed rats. Methods Sixty adult male SD rats weighing 200-250 g were used in this study. The depression model was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The animals were then randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10 each): control group (group C), depression group (group D), propofol group ( group P), propofol + ECT group ( group PE), ketamine + propofol group ( group KP), and ketamine + propofol + ECT group (group KPE). Groups P and KP received intraperitoneal propofol 100 mg/kg and ketamine 10 mg/kg + propofol 80 mg/kg respectively, and groups PE and KPE received ECT after intraperitoneal injection of propofol 100 mg/kg and ketamine 10 mg/kg + propofol 80 mg/kg respectively once a day for 7 consecutive days. All rats underwent sucrose fluid consumption and Morris water maze tests before CUMS, after CUMS, and after treatment. Results Compared with group C, the sucrose consumption percentage was significantly decreased, the escape latency was prolonged, and the time spent in the target quadrant (the original platform quadrant) was shortened after CUMS in D, P, PE, KP and KE groups ( P ＜ 0.05). Compared with group D,the sucrose consumption percentage was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05), while no significant change in the escape latency and time spent in the target quadrant was found after treatment in group KPE ( P ＞ 0.05 ), and the sucrose consumption percentage was significantly increased, the escape latency was prolonged, and the time spent in the target quadrant was shortened after treatment in group PE ( P ＜ 0.05). Compared with group PE, the sucrose consumption percentage was significantly increased, the escape latency was shortened, and the time spent in the target quadrant was prolonged after treatment in group KPE ( P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Low-dose ketamine can not only enhance the efficacy of ECT under propofol anesthesia in depressed rats, but also reduce cognitive impairment induced by ECT.