Objective: To establish a nicotine-treatment and -withdrawal rat model and to evaluate its characteristics and application through analyzing 3 parameters. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 10-11 weeks old, were randomly divided into normal saline group(subcutaneous injection of saline [0.5 ml/kg] for 6 weeks), nicotine-treated group (injection with nicotine [0.5 ml/kg, 3 mg/(kg · d)] for 6 weeks), and nicotine-withdrawn group (injection with nicotine [0.5 ml/kg, 3 mg/(kg · d)] for 3 weeks and followed by saline injection for additional 3 weeks). Body weight, food intake, and water intake of animals were recorded during the treatment in 3 groups. The model was evaluated through analyzing body weight, serum parameters and adipose tissue weights. Results: The body weight of rats, as well as the serum levels of triglyceride and insulin, were all decreased after nicotine treatment; the weights of subcutaneous fat, visceral fat and periaortic fat were also decreased. The above indicators increased after withdrawal of nicotine. Conclusion: The established model can be used to study multiple pharmacological effects of nicotine; it can also be used for smoking and smoking cessation related studies.

0.05). TNF-? in group EK and EKM was lower than that in group E (P0.05). Conclusions Ketamine can inhibit the release of TNF-? caused by LPS and increase myocardial cAMP level, protecting myocardium from sepsis. This may be one of the anti-septic shock mechanisms of ketamine. Combination of midazolam with ketamine does not affect the anti-septic shock property of ketamine.

Objective To investigate the inhibition of low-dose aprotinin on systematic inflammatory response during cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods Twenty-eight ASA Ⅱ-Ⅲ patients(male 13, female 15) undergoing valve replacement were studied. The age ranged from 27 to 55 years and body weight from 37 to 70 kg. CPB time ranged from 66 to 218 mm and aortic cross clamping time from 30 to 140 min . The patients were divided into two groups: control group(n=14) and aprotinin group(n = 14) Premedication included intramuscular phenobarbital sodium 0.1 g and scopolamine 0.3 mg. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous midazolam 0. lmg/kg, fentanyl 20-30?g/kg and vecuronium 0. 1-0. 12mg/kg, and maintained with intermittent bolus injection of fentanyl and vecuronium supplemented with isoflurane inhalation. In aprotinin group aprotinin 1?106KIU was infused after induction of anesthesia until thoracotomy, after thoracotomy aprotinin was infused at a rate of 2.5? 106 KIU/h and aprotinin 2. 5 ?106KIU was added to the prime fluid as suggested by Levy. Blood samples were obtained before anesthesia, before CPB and 1h and 24h after CPB for determination of CD11b and CD18 expression on the surface of neutrophil by immunofluoresence flow cytometry. Results The expression of CD11b or CD18 and CPB time were positively correlated(?= 0.644, 0.538, P0.05). 1 h after CPB CD11b/ CD18 expression increased significantly in the control group and was significantly higher than that in the aprotinin group, but at 24h after CPB only CD11b expression in control group was significantly higher than that in aprotinin group. In aprotinin group there was no significant difference in CD11b/CD18 expression between the four intervals.Conclusions CPB-induced systematic inflammatory response may be positively correlated with CPB time. Low dose aprotinin can inhibit the increase in CD11b/CD18 expression after CPB.

Adolescent ; Asthma ; psychology ; therapy ; Behavior Therapy ; Child ; Female ; Health Education ; Humans ; Male ; Massage ; Psychotherapy

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis B ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunization Schedule ; Infant ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; immunology

Child ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; complications ; Male ; Pulmonary Heart Disease ; complications ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; complications

Adult ; Ammonia ; poisoning ; Female ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron ; Poisoning ; complications ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Respiratory System ; drug effects ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Time Factors

With the deepening of modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the method of quantification and standardization of TCM (i.e., quantitative characterization of TCM) has been more and more widely accepted by researchers. Chemometrics processes complicated data of TCM through applied mathematics, statistics and com-puter technology. And multivariable study was introduced into the quantitative characterization of TCM with great achievements. This article reviewed existed problems of quantitative characterization in TCM, the principles, char-acteristics, limitations, commonly used statistical methods and application conditions on quantitative characteriza-tion of TCM. With this review, a reference for further study of quantitative characterization of TCM was provided and a further research idea of combination with main methods of chemometrics was given.

This article has made an review including definition of drug-related long QT interval, clinical features, mechanisms and influencing factors, prevention and treatment of drug-related QT long syndrome, and its clinical research progresses. It is proposed that clinical pharmacists need to focus more attention on QT prolongation drugs. It can prevent acute arrhythmic events, and promote rationality and safety of drug.

BackgroundHigh myopia is one of leading causes of blindness,so far the pathogenesis remains unclear.Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of rs6885224 and rs12716080 in CTNND2 gene were recently found to be associated with high myopia in Singaporean Chinese.But whether these SNPs are related with the pathogenesis of high myopia in Han Chinese is worth studying,Objective This study was to investigate the relationship between the genetic variations of the CTNND2 gene and high myopia in Han Chinese.MethodsA case-controlled association study was designed.Nine hundred and thirty-three individuals with high myopia and 1227age- and gender-matched normal subjects were included in this study.The 5 ml of periphery blood was obtained from all subjects for the extraction of genomic DNA.The target DNA was amplified using PCR and purified by the SNaPshot method.Four SNPs rs12716080,rs917012,rs6885224 and rs16901340 in the CTNND2 gene were genotyped.This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of Sichuan Provincial People Hospital.Written informed consent was obtained from each subject before his/her enrollment.Results The frequencies of the genotypes rs6885224,rs12716080,rs917012,rs16901340 SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) ( P=0.181,0.085,0.732,0.313,0.264,0.663,0.084,0.196).There were no significant differences in genotypes frequency distribution ( in turn P =0.654,0.406,0.828,0.403 ) and allele frequency distribution of the CTNND2 gene ( in turn P =0.377,0.209,0.743,0.198) between the high myopia group and normal control group.The haplotypes (TA and GA)frequencies of rs12716080 and rs917012 in the high myopia group were significantly different from those of the normal control group(TA:0.784 vs.0.719;GA:0.087 vs.0.136) (x2 =6.115,P=0.013 ;x2 =6.634,P=0.010),but those of GG were similar between the high myopia group and normal control group ( 0.123 vs.0.143,x2 =0.889,P =0.346). ConclusionsThe SNPs rs12716080,rs917012,rs6885224 and rs16901340 in CTNND2 gene were not responsible for high myopia,however,the haplotypes of rs12716080 and rs917012 are susceptible for high myopia in Han Chinese.