Cofactor engineering, a vital part of metabolism engineering, changes the redox cofactor regeneration approach. Its main goal is to rebuild the components of metabolic products. The bioconversion of xylose for the production of ethanol is being studied intensively because ethanol is an alternative energy source and a potential liquid fuel. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been traditionally used in producing ethanol from fermentable sugars but it cannot utilize xylose, only its isomer xylulose. Introduction of the xylose fermentation pathway from Pichia stipitis into S. cerevisiae enables xylose utilization in recombinant S. cerevisiae, but the ethanol yields of xylose fermentation with recombinant S. cerevisiae has been low and large amounts of the byproduct xylitol are produced. The major reason is that the catabolism of xylose with the fungal pathway leads an imbalance of redox cofactor. The process of the catabolism of xylose requires NADPH and NAD~+, both of which have to be regenerated in separated processes. More and more attention has therefore focused on the redox cofactor balance in S. cerevisia. The research progress of cofactor engineering to solve the imbalance of redox cofactor in xylose metabolism recombinant S. cerevisiae was introduced. This included expression of transhydrogenase, increasing the utilization of NADPH, and achieving the anaerobic reoxidation of NADH. Reversing the cofactor specificity of enzymes is another effective way.

Objective To investigate the trend of developmental expression of GluR2,subtype of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid(AMPA) receptor and synaptophysin(SYP) in the rat cochlear nucleus(CN) in different developmental stages,and explore the association of GluR2 expression with the development of synapse. Methods SD rats of 2,3,4,6,8 and 10 weeks old were selected,the expression of GluR2 and SYP in CN was detected with immunofluorescence histochemical method,and the association of them was explored. Results GluR2 expression was observed in all the neurons of CN in each postnatal groups.The expression was relatively weaker in the second and third week,became denser in the fourth week,reached the peak in the sixth week and then sharply decreased to the weakest in the tenth week.The expression of GluR2 was denser at granular cell layer,while weaker at molecular layer and multipolar cell layer in the dorsal CN.SYP expression was detected in all the neurons of CN in each postnatal groups.The expression was weakest in the second week,significantly denser in the fourth week,reached the peak in the sixth week,was then sharply decreased and stably maintained. Conclusion The expressions of GluR2 and SYP in the postnatal rat CN exhit an equally age-dependent tendency.The expression of GluR2 in the CN may be associated with the the maturation and function development of the CN.The different expression and distribution of GluR2 and SYP in the rat CN of different developmental stages may be involved in the development and plasticity of auditory center.

In recent years, the cases of prenatal paternity testing gradually increased in forensic practice. The traditional prenatal paternity analysis can be performed only after invasive sampling of chorionic villi or amniotic fluid, which can result in a risk of miscarriage. The existence of circulating cell-free fetal nucleic acid in maternal plasma has brought new opportunities for the noninvasive prenatal paternity testing. In this paper, the research situation and application prospect of circulating cell-free fetal nucleic acid in maternal plasma in prenatal paternity testing are reviewed.

Objective:To explore the central neurobiological mechanisms of pleasure effect on rats with neuralgia treated by tuina manipulations of An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30).Methods:A total of 64 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in this study.Eighteen rats were randomly selected as a normal group,and the other 46 rats were used to duplicate the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model.Ten rats failed in modeling and 36 rats succeeded.These 36 rats were then randomly divided into a model group and a tuina group,with 18 rats in each group.The rats in the normal group and the model group did not receive any interventions,while those in the tuina group received An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30),1 min for each time,once a day,3 weeks in total.Heating tests were evaluated to observe the change of pain-sensitivity score before intervention,1 week after intervention,2 weeks after intervention,and 3 weeks after intervention.After 1 week of intervention,2 weeks of intervention,and 3 weeks of intervention,6 rats were randomly selected from each group respectively for brain extraction.The change of Nissl's body and β-endorphin in the accumbens nucleus as well as amygdaloid nucleus of pleasure circuits,and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the arcuate nucleus were analyzed by methods of histochemistry and molecular biology.Results:After modeling,the pain-sensitivity scores of the tuina group and the model group were statistically different from the score of the normal group (both P＜0.05).After An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30) for one week,the pain-sensitivity score of the tuina group had statistical difference compared with that of the model group (P＜0.05).At each different time point:the amounts of Nissl's body in accumbens nucleus and amygdaloid nucleus of the tuina group were significantly more than those of the model group (all P＜0.01).Besides,the numbers of β-endorphin immunoreactive cells in the accumbens nucleus and amygdaloid nucleus of the rats in the tuina group were significantly higher than those in the model group (all P＜0.01),and so was the expression of POMC in arcuate nucleus (all P＜0.01).Conclusion:An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30),where the sciatic nerve is ligated,can reduce pain-sensitivity score and increase pain tolerance value of rats with chronic neuralgia.It can increase the activity of neurons in accumbens nucleus and amygdaloid nucleus of pleasure circuits,which indicates that the analgesia effect of tuina therapy may correlate with pleasure effect,and also reveals a part of neurobiological mechanisms of neuralgia.

Abstract: Objective　To screening new compounds that can inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods　Compounds that can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus were screened from the FDA approved drug library by 96 well plates. The absorbance value of 600 nm wavelength (OD600) was measured by Microplate Reader to detect the growth of Staphylococcus aureus planktonic cells in the culture supernatant. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ozanimod against Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates were detected by micro broth dilution method. The inhibitory effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of ozanimod on the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus was detected by crystal violet staining. Results　This study found that ozanimod could significantly inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus SA113 (screening reference strain), and the MIC was 25.00 μmol/L. The MIC of ozanimod against 119 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus [65 isolates of methicillin sensitive (MSSA) and 54 isolates of methicillin resistant (MRSA)] was 12.50 or 25.00 μmol/L. The MIC50 and MIC90 of ozanimod against the 119 Staphylococcus aureus isolates all were 25.00 μmol/L. This study found that 6.25, 12.50, 25.00 μmol/L of ozanimod could significantly inhibit the biofilm formation of 2 MSSA and 2 MRSA. The sub-MIC concentration of ozanimod (12.50 μmol/L) could significantly inhibit the biofilm formation of 14 MSSA and 11 MRSA, but had no inhibitory effect on the growth of planktonic cells of these Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Conclusion　Ozanimod can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA, and has good antibacterial activity. The sub-MIC concentration of ozanimod could significantly inhibit the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus.

Objective To screen and analyse the dominated related factors for medical discipline construction and development,and provide evidences for the reinforcement of discipline connotation construction.Methods The candidate medical disciplines of State Key Disciplines Evaluation of 2007 were served as study subjects.Disciplines from the results of State Key Discipline Evaluation were divided into "new discipline" group(n=51),"breeding discipline" group(n=33)and "failed discipline" group(n=81).The differences between results of State Key Discipline Evaluation and corresponding data of past years(2001 to 2006)in academic team,scientific research,graduate education and lab construction were analysed by nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test.Results There were significant differences in academic leader,state key project,prize level,graduates quality and scientific research base among the results of State Key Discipline Evaluation(P≤0.05),and the dominated factors for the unsuccessful result were lack of high-level academic leader,state key discipline,prize,gruaduates and scientific research base.Conclusion The adoption of appropriate measures for the construction of academic team,the reinforcement of scientific research and the establishment of academic achievement evaluation may help to upgrade the academic level.

ObjectiveTo analysis the different types of bacteria in patients with a varying severity of acute cholangitis.Methods241 patients who presented with actue cholangitis between Jan 2008 to Oct 2011 to our hospital were retrospectively studied.These patients were divided into three groups according to the Tokyo Guideline.The bile specimens were obtained intraoperatively.The parameters were compared by SPSS 16.0 package program for statistical analysis.Results75.1 percent of the patients were positive for bacteria in the bile.There were 241 strains of bacterium which included 139 Gram-positive bacteria,99 Gram-negative bacteria and 6 strains of microzyme.Escherichia coli,Enterococcus faecalis,Enterococcus casseliflavus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella species were the most frequently isolated bacteria.The positive rates for bacteria were significantly different between patients with mild and severe cholangitis (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between patients with moderate and mild cholangits (P=0.141),or moderate and severe cholangitis (P=0.647).Gram-negative bacteria were more common than Gram- positive bacteria in patients with moderate and severe acute cholangitis (P＜0.05).In patients with moderate and severe acute cholangitis,there was more patients with multiple and mixed bacterial infection.ConclusionsEscherichia coli and Enterococcus species were more common in patients with acute cholangitis.The positive rate of bacteria in the bile in severe acute cholangitis was higher than that in mild acute cholangitis.In patients with moderate and severe cholangitis,Gram-negative bacterial infections and multiple and mixed bacterial infections were more common.

Objective To screen out the individuals at high cognitive risk by using the weakest link theory,and explore the characters of the cognitive emotion regulation.Methods 600 undergraduate students were tested with cognitive style questionnaire,general social and academic hassles scale,center for epidemiologic studies depression scale,and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire.Results There were significant differences between individuals of high and low cognitive risk in self-blame (13.32 ± 2.12) vs (12.45 ± 2.27),rumination,catastrophizing,blaming others,positive refocusing and positive reappraising.Catastrophizing,generality,rumination,positive reappraising,stress,self-blame,and self could predict 34.2％ of depression.Conclusion There are differences between individuals of high and low cognitive risk in cognitive emotion regulation.Catastrophizing,generality,rumination,positive reappraising,stress,self-blame,and self are the main predictors of depression.

Objective To census the preoperative prevalence rate of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and to evaluate the risk factors of DVT in senile osteoporotic hip fractured patients.Methods The object of study were patients aged 60 and above, and osteoporotic hip fracture by low energy injury in 2013.Based on medical records, all the patients with osteoporotic hip fracture were evaluated the signs and symptoms of DVT in 24 h, D-dimer test and underwent Doppler ultrasound screening of bilateral venous system in lower extremity after admission, and all the patients received preoperative prophylactic anticoagulation.Patients with popliteal and proximal level thrombus or floating thrombus underwent inferior vena cava (IVC) filter insertion.Outcome measures: age, gender, fracture type, D-dimer value in 24 h preoperatively, occurrence time of DVT and region, grade of preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists, preoperative medical diseases.Results 702 of 946 hip fracture inpatients were comprised in this retrospective study.All were not founded any symptom or signs of DVT.All patients were took preoperative Doppler ultrasound screening and the results as follows: 36 of 302 patients (11.9％) with femoral neck fracture were proved preoperative thrombosis(13 male, 23 female), the average age was 72.7 year-old(range from 62-90 year-old), on the same side as the fractured hip in 31 patients, bilateral thrombosis in 5 patients.74 of 400 patients (18.5％) with intertrochanteric fracture were proved preoperative thrombosis(38 male, 36 female), the average age was 76 year-old (range from 60-95 year-old), on the same side as the fractured hip in 68 patients, bilateral thrombosis in 6 patients.The most prevalence rate of DVT were in the first day after osteoporotic hip fracture, 15 patients (41.7％) with femoral neck fracture and 38 patients (51.40％) with intertrochanteric fracture.There were more proximal level and multiple level involment thrombosis over 5 days after injury.The most thrombosis were proven at calf and popliteal vein.Conclusion The prophylaxis of DVT should be started even in the emergency department in senile patient with osteoporotic hip fracture.To avoid the risk factors, early surgery and early postoperative mobilization will be effective.

Objective To evaluate the effect of collagen shield delivering fluconazole eye drops made by centrifugal method on treating fungal keratitis of rabbit eyes.Methods Using centrifugal method to make corneal collagen shield,after soaked with fluconazole eye drops,the collagen shields were used to treat fungal keratitis of rabbit eyes.Results The healing focus time of collagen shield delivering fluconazole eye drops group was average 11 days,the healing focus time of only delivering fluconazole eye drops group was average 18 days.The cure rate and effective rate of 2 groups were 78.94%,63.15% and 92.10%,78.94%,there were significance between 2 groups(P<0.05).Conclusion It was innovation for corneal collagen shield delivering fluconazole eye drops made by centrifugal method to cure fungal keratitis,which had broad development foreground.