Objective To investigate the trend of developmental expression of GluR2,subtype of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid(AMPA) receptor and synaptophysin(SYP) in the rat cochlear nucleus(CN) in different developmental stages,and explore the association of GluR2 expression with the development of synapse. Methods SD rats of 2,3,4,6,8 and 10 weeks old were selected,the expression of GluR2 and SYP in CN was detected with immunofluorescence histochemical method,and the association of them was explored. Results GluR2 expression was observed in all the neurons of CN in each postnatal groups.The expression was relatively weaker in the second and third week,became denser in the fourth week,reached the peak in the sixth week and then sharply decreased to the weakest in the tenth week.The expression of GluR2 was denser at granular cell layer,while weaker at molecular layer and multipolar cell layer in the dorsal CN.SYP expression was detected in all the neurons of CN in each postnatal groups.The expression was weakest in the second week,significantly denser in the fourth week,reached the peak in the sixth week,was then sharply decreased and stably maintained. Conclusion The expressions of GluR2 and SYP in the postnatal rat CN exhit an equally age-dependent tendency.The expression of GluR2 in the CN may be associated with the the maturation and function development of the CN.The different expression and distribution of GluR2 and SYP in the rat CN of different developmental stages may be involved in the development and plasticity of auditory center.

In recent years, the cases of prenatal paternity testing gradually increased in forensic practice. The traditional prenatal paternity analysis can be performed only after invasive sampling of chorionic villi or amniotic fluid, which can result in a risk of miscarriage. The existence of circulating cell-free fetal nucleic acid in maternal plasma has brought new opportunities for the noninvasive prenatal paternity testing. In this paper, the research situation and application prospect of circulating cell-free fetal nucleic acid in maternal plasma in prenatal paternity testing are reviewed.

Cofactor engineering, a vital part of metabolism engineering, changes the redox cofactor regeneration approach. Its main goal is to rebuild the components of metabolic products. The bioconversion of xylose for the production of ethanol is being studied intensively because ethanol is an alternative energy source and a potential liquid fuel. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been traditionally used in producing ethanol from fermentable sugars but it cannot utilize xylose, only its isomer xylulose. Introduction of the xylose fermentation pathway from Pichia stipitis into S. cerevisiae enables xylose utilization in recombinant S. cerevisiae, but the ethanol yields of xylose fermentation with recombinant S. cerevisiae has been low and large amounts of the byproduct xylitol are produced. The major reason is that the catabolism of xylose with the fungal pathway leads an imbalance of redox cofactor. The process of the catabolism of xylose requires NADPH and NAD~+, both of which have to be regenerated in separated processes. More and more attention has therefore focused on the redox cofactor balance in S. cerevisia. The research progress of cofactor engineering to solve the imbalance of redox cofactor in xylose metabolism recombinant S. cerevisiae was introduced. This included expression of transhydrogenase, increasing the utilization of NADPH, and achieving the anaerobic reoxidation of NADH. Reversing the cofactor specificity of enzymes is another effective way.

Objective:To explore the central neurobiological mechanisms of pleasure effect on rats with neuralgia treated by tuina manipulations of An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30).Methods:A total of 64 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in this study.Eighteen rats were randomly selected as a normal group,and the other 46 rats were used to duplicate the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model.Ten rats failed in modeling and 36 rats succeeded.These 36 rats were then randomly divided into a model group and a tuina group,with 18 rats in each group.The rats in the normal group and the model group did not receive any interventions,while those in the tuina group received An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30),1 min for each time,once a day,3 weeks in total.Heating tests were evaluated to observe the change of pain-sensitivity score before intervention,1 week after intervention,2 weeks after intervention,and 3 weeks after intervention.After 1 week of intervention,2 weeks of intervention,and 3 weeks of intervention,6 rats were randomly selected from each group respectively for brain extraction.The change of Nissl's body and β-endorphin in the accumbens nucleus as well as amygdaloid nucleus of pleasure circuits,and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the arcuate nucleus were analyzed by methods of histochemistry and molecular biology.Results:After modeling,the pain-sensitivity scores of the tuina group and the model group were statistically different from the score of the normal group (both P＜0.05).After An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30) for one week,the pain-sensitivity score of the tuina group had statistical difference compared with that of the model group (P＜0.05).At each different time point:the amounts of Nissl's body in accumbens nucleus and amygdaloid nucleus of the tuina group were significantly more than those of the model group (all P＜0.01).Besides,the numbers of β-endorphin immunoreactive cells in the accumbens nucleus and amygdaloid nucleus of the rats in the tuina group were significantly higher than those in the model group (all P＜0.01),and so was the expression of POMC in arcuate nucleus (all P＜0.01).Conclusion:An-pressing and Rou-kneading Huantiao (GB 30),where the sciatic nerve is ligated,can reduce pain-sensitivity score and increase pain tolerance value of rats with chronic neuralgia.It can increase the activity of neurons in accumbens nucleus and amygdaloid nucleus of pleasure circuits,which indicates that the analgesia effect of tuina therapy may correlate with pleasure effect,and also reveals a part of neurobiological mechanisms of neuralgia.

Abstract: Objective　To screening new compounds that can inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods　Compounds that can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus were screened from the FDA approved drug library by 96 well plates. The absorbance value of 600 nm wavelength (OD600) was measured by Microplate Reader to detect the growth of Staphylococcus aureus planktonic cells in the culture supernatant. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ozanimod against Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates were detected by micro broth dilution method. The inhibitory effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of ozanimod on the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus was detected by crystal violet staining. Results　This study found that ozanimod could significantly inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus SA113 (screening reference strain), and the MIC was 25.00 μmol/L. The MIC of ozanimod against 119 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus [65 isolates of methicillin sensitive (MSSA) and 54 isolates of methicillin resistant (MRSA)] was 12.50 or 25.00 μmol/L. The MIC50 and MIC90 of ozanimod against the 119 Staphylococcus aureus isolates all were 25.00 μmol/L. This study found that 6.25, 12.50, 25.00 μmol/L of ozanimod could significantly inhibit the biofilm formation of 2 MSSA and 2 MRSA. The sub-MIC concentration of ozanimod (12.50 μmol/L) could significantly inhibit the biofilm formation of 14 MSSA and 11 MRSA, but had no inhibitory effect on the growth of planktonic cells of these Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Conclusion　Ozanimod can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA, and has good antibacterial activity. The sub-MIC concentration of ozanimod could significantly inhibit the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus.

Objective To screen and analyse the dominated related factors for medical discipline construction and development,and provide evidences for the reinforcement of discipline connotation construction.Methods The candidate medical disciplines of State Key Disciplines Evaluation of 2007 were served as study subjects.Disciplines from the results of State Key Discipline Evaluation were divided into "new discipline" group(n=51),"breeding discipline" group(n=33)and "failed discipline" group(n=81).The differences between results of State Key Discipline Evaluation and corresponding data of past years(2001 to 2006)in academic team,scientific research,graduate education and lab construction were analysed by nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test.Results There were significant differences in academic leader,state key project,prize level,graduates quality and scientific research base among the results of State Key Discipline Evaluation(P≤0.05),and the dominated factors for the unsuccessful result were lack of high-level academic leader,state key discipline,prize,gruaduates and scientific research base.Conclusion The adoption of appropriate measures for the construction of academic team,the reinforcement of scientific research and the establishment of academic achievement evaluation may help to upgrade the academic level.

Animals ; In Vitro Techniques ; Muscle Contraction ; drug effects ; Muscle, Smooth ; drug effects ; physiology ; Progesterone ; pharmacology ; Rabbits ; Trachea ; drug effects

The new generation cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitor could reduce the gastrointestinal side effect of NSAID drugs, but eventually increase the cardiovascular risk, because its selective inhibition of COX-2 induces the imbalance between PGI2 and TXA2 and the reduction of vasodilatory NO. Under pathological conditions, active oxygen species (O2-*2, etc) were used to induce endo- thelial dysfunction, activate NF-κB to induce expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, increase ET-1, TXA2 with vasoconstrictor effect, reduce PGI2 and NO with vasodilatory effect, generate further oxidative damage together with NO, and reduce the bioavailability of NO. NO-NSAIDs and NO-Coxibs drugs raised the level of NO by introducing NO-donor (ONO2). NSAIDs drugs enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity of COX-2 and reduced gastrointestinal side effects by inhibiting selectively COX-2. If antioxidant structures with active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines were introduced to improve the antioxidant activity of NSAIDs, they could scavenge the active oxygen species to protect the normal function of vascular endothelia and enhance the bioavailability of NO, which is conducive to enhance the cardiovascular safety of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitor.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; therapeutic use ; Biomarkers, Pharmacological ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; immunology ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; immunology ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; NF-kappa B ; immunology ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; immunology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; immunology

ObjectiveTo analysis the different types of bacteria in patients with a varying severity of acute cholangitis.Methods241 patients who presented with actue cholangitis between Jan 2008 to Oct 2011 to our hospital were retrospectively studied.These patients were divided into three groups according to the Tokyo Guideline.The bile specimens were obtained intraoperatively.The parameters were compared by SPSS 16.0 package program for statistical analysis.Results75.1 percent of the patients were positive for bacteria in the bile.There were 241 strains of bacterium which included 139 Gram-positive bacteria,99 Gram-negative bacteria and 6 strains of microzyme.Escherichia coli,Enterococcus faecalis,Enterococcus casseliflavus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella species were the most frequently isolated bacteria.The positive rates for bacteria were significantly different between patients with mild and severe cholangitis (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between patients with moderate and mild cholangits (P=0.141),or moderate and severe cholangitis (P=0.647).Gram-negative bacteria were more common than Gram- positive bacteria in patients with moderate and severe acute cholangitis (P＜0.05).In patients with moderate and severe acute cholangitis,there was more patients with multiple and mixed bacterial infection.ConclusionsEscherichia coli and Enterococcus species were more common in patients with acute cholangitis.The positive rate of bacteria in the bile in severe acute cholangitis was higher than that in mild acute cholangitis.In patients with moderate and severe cholangitis,Gram-negative bacterial infections and multiple and mixed bacterial infections were more common.

Adolescent ; Bilirubin ; metabolism ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Duodenogastric Reflux ; metabolism ; Esophageal pH Monitoring ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Stomach ; physiopathology