In recent years, polysaccharides have received much attention because of their high safety and good immunological activity. The study of polysaccharide in vivo process is a key scientific problem that needs to be solved for polysaccharide drug development. Some progress has been made in the field of polysaccharide pharmacokinetics and immunomodulation. However, due to the lack of both chromogenic and light-absorbing groups and the complex molecular structure of polysaccharides, the in vivo processes and immunomodulatory mechanisms of polysaccharides have been slow to be investigated. The effective combination of multiple techniques can break the bottleneck of difficult tracing and unknown immunomodulatory mechanism of polysaccharides in vivo, and promote the development and utilization of polysaccharides. In this paper, we systematically summarize the key techniques in the study of polysaccharide in vivo processes and immunomodulatory mechanisms in order to provide technical references and research ideas for the study of polysaccharide in vivo processes and immunomodulatory mechanisms.

It was estimated that about 428 species of genus Corydalis are distributed all worldwide, with about 298, especially 10 groups and 219 species being uniquely spread in China. The genus Corydalis have been widely employed as folk medicines in China, especially as traditional Tibetan medicines, for treatment of fever, hepatitis, edema, gastritis, cholecystitis, hypertension and other diseases. The phytochemical studies revealed that isoquinoline alkaloids are its major bioactive ingredients. The extensive biological researches suggested its pharmacological activities and clinic applications against cardiovascular diseases and central nervous system, antibacterial activities, analgesic effects, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation and anti-injury for hepatocyte, and so on. As an effort in promoting the research of pharmacodynamic ingredients, this article presents an overview focusing on the distribution, phytochemical and pharmacological results of Corydalis species that have been applied in traditional Tibetan medicinal, hopefully to provide a reference for the new Tibetan medicine development from Corydalis plant resource.
Alkaloids ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Corydalis ; chemistry ; classification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Structure ; Phytotherapy

OBJECTIVETo appraise the value of clinical treatment of percutaneous reduction and fixation of osteoporotic fractures for the proximal humerus in a geriatric population.

METHODSPostoperation complication, mortality in hospital and within the first three months postoperation, operation time, blood transfusion requirement, the functional outcome of the shoulder had been analysed and observed in 37 cases for open and closed fixation.

RESULTSClosed reduction provided the benefit of obtaining and holding adequate reduction without the soft-tissue dissection of open reduction and internal fixation. The general complication and mortality in the first three months postoperation in the open reduction and internal fixation cases were more severe than the percutaneous cases.

CONCLUSIONSOpen operation increases the risk of the geriatric population with osteoporotic proximal humerus fracture; percutaneous reduction and fixation may be preferable.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Osteoporosis ; complications ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Shoulder Fractures ; etiology ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

Objective A resistin binding peptide (RBP) was selected by phage display in our previous work. Studies had shown that RBP could antagonize the role of resistin on the lipid metabolism and endocrine function of adipose tissue, but whether RBP affects the insulin secretion of pancreatic cells is still unknown. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of RBP on basal insulin secretion in RINm5F insulinoma cells. Methods The cell viability was measured by 3-[4,5-dimethyhhiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetra-zolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay. The supernatants were assayed for insulin content by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reverse transcriptase-PCR assay and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) involved in insulin secretion. Cytosolic Ca2+, the trigger of insulin exocytosis, was analyzed with the fluorescent probe FURA-3/AM. Results RBP did no effect on the cell viability with a concentration of 10-8-10-12mol/L of 2 hours intervention. But it stimulated basal insulin secretion of RINm5F cells, accompanied by up-regulated increased expression of GLUT2 and elevated concentration of cytosolic Ca2+. Conclusion RBP could stimulate basal insulin secretion without affecting the cell viability.

Objective A Lee-Carter model was used to predict the risk and trend of mortality in the digestive tract cancer in Suzhou from 2002 to 2016. Methods The crude and standardized mortality rates were calculated based on deaths of digestive tract cancer which was identified from Suzhou chronic disease surveillance system.We used Lee-Carter model to predict the trend of mortality in digestive tract cancer. Results The effectiveness of the results forecasted by Lee-Carter model was validated in the data of digestive tract cancer mortality from 2012 to 2016 in Suzhou. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values for the model were 2.48% and 4.13% for the age and year respectively, which indicated a well accepted prediction value. The mortality index was on the down trend in overall digestive tract cancer from 2002 to 2016, among which the mortality index in upper digestive tract cancer decreased, while the mortality index in lower digestive tract cancer increased. The mortality rate of upper digestive tract cancer was 4.23 fold higher than that of lower digestive tract cancer, and mortality rate in male was 2.17 times higher than that in female. Conclusions Our study observed a downward mortality trend in digestive tract cancer overall. Notably, the male mortality rate of lower digestive tract cancer was on an upward trend. In recent years, Suzhou has been undergoing a rapid population aging with medical and health level was increasing as well.

AIMTo explore the role of humoral immunity in the pathophysiological process of freezing injury and the possible immune interference in the preventation and treatment of frostbite.

METHODSSevere experimental freezing injury model was made in Wistar rats( n = 20). The concentration of three types of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA and IgM), two types of complement components (C3 and C4), and circulating immune complex (CIC) were measured respectively before and at 4h, 1d, 3d, and 5d after frostbite. At the same time, the tissue immune complex (TIC) in skeletal muscle and the contents of the red blood cell immune complex (RBC-IC) were also observed and then was the red blood cell immune adherence activity (RCIA).

RESULTSSerum IgG concentration decreased rapidly to the lowest level at 4 h after frostbite IgA concentration dropped to the nadir on 1 day after freezing. Decreases of both immunoglobulins were maintained during the 5 days after frostbite. The fate of both C3 and C4 were the same as those immunoglobulins. Freezing had rather less effect on IgM level. CIC concentration in serum, expressed as the percent of prefreezing increased rapidly and to the zenith on the 3 days post-freezing. By immunofluorescence microscopy, thin continuous linear pattern (IgG) was demonstrated along the SM on the first day post-freezing. Granular and nodular deposits (IgG) appeared along the SM as the time proceeded after frostbite. RBC-IC contents, expressed as the erythrocyte IC rosette rate, increased significantly and to the zenith on the 3 d post-freezing, while RCIA depressed to the nadir at the same time.

CONCLUSIONThe freezing frostbite is an immune complex related disease which have not been reported by others before.

Animals ; Antigen-Antibody Complex ; analysis ; immunology ; Frostbite ; blood ; immunology ; Immunoglobulin A ; immunology ; Immunoglobulin G ; immunology ; Immunoglobulin M ; immunology ; Immunoglobulins ; immunology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo describe the early experiences with rFVIIa in the management of bleeding after cardiovascular surgery.

METHODSFrom May 2006 through December 2007, 16 patients received rFVIIa during or after surgery despite conventional medical therapy and transfusion of blood products. There were 15 male patients and 1 female patients, aged from 36 to 77 years old with a mean of 52 years old. The surgical procedures include aortic procedures for 8 cases, valve replacement for 6 cases, pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for 1 case and atrial septal defect repair for 1 case. The data of these patients were reviewed and the safety and efficacy of rFVIIa after cardiovascular surgery were evaluated.

RESULTSrFVIIa was administered as a first dose of 27.6 to 54.5 microg/kg with a mean of 40.2 microg/kg. Six patients achieved hemostasis after the first dose. Nine patients received a second administration within 30 min, with a cumulative dose of 59.3 to 90.9 microg/kg, a mean of 80.3 microg/kg. Eight patients achieved hemostasis and 1 patient went to exploration. One patient received four doses of rFVIIa with a cumulative dose of 203.4 microg/kg and the bleeding stopped. Mean amount of chest drain loss and the amount of red blood cell, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelet transfusions decreased significantly after rFVIIa administration. The total amount of chest drain losses, transfusions of red blood cell and cryoprecipitate within 12 h postoperatively was positively correlated with the time from the end of bypass to administration of rFVIIa. No thromboembolic complications and other adverse reactions were noted.

CONCLUSIONSThe use of rFVIIa is associated with reduced blood loss, rapid improvement of coagulation variables, and decreased need for blood products. rFVIIa is safe and efficacious in the management of refractory postcardiotomy bleeding.

Adult ; Aged ; Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures ; Coagulants ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Factor VIIa ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Hemorrhage ; drug therapy ; Recombinant Proteins ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo value the use of an injectable minimally invasive calcium sulfate cement for displaced tibial plateau fractures.

METHODSThirteen patients with lateral tibial plateau fractures treated with internal fixation and bone grafting were matched with 13 patients treated using internal fixation and an injectable calcium sulfate cement. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were followed up for a minimum of one year. The peri-operative complication, quality of reduction, maintenance of reduction, function assessment and development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis was compared in both groups.

RESULTSTen patients in the internal fixation and bone graft group had excellent anatomical reductions as judged on immediate post-operative radiographs but some loss of reduction on follow-up at one year was observed in 8 of the 13 (61%) cases. Twelve patients from the MIIG group had an excellent reduction on immediate post-operative radiographs but 3 (23%)demonstrated some loss of reduction of the plateau at one year follow-up (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe use of MIIG and internal fixation is associated with more favourable clinical results than conventional treatment with internal fixation and bone grafting for lateral tibial plateau fractures.

Adult ; Aged ; Bone Cements ; Bone Transplantation ; methods ; Calcium Sulfate ; administration & dosage ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; instrumentation ; methods ; Fractures, Closed ; surgery ; Humans ; Ilium ; transplantation ; Injections ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Tibial Fractures ; surgery ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Treatment Outcome

PURPOSETo investigate the profiles of cognitive impairment through Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in patients with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) or stroke and to evaluate the sensitivity of the two scales in patients with TBI.

METHODSIn this cohort study, a total of 230 patients were evaluated, including TBI group (n = 103) and stroke group (n = 127). The cognitive functions of two groups were evaluated by designated specialists using MoCA (Beijing version) and MMSE (Chinese version).

RESULTSComparedwith the patientswith stroke, the patientswith TBI received significantly lower score in orientation subtest and recall subtest in both tests.MoCA abnormal rates in the TBI group and stroke group were 94.17% and 86.61% respectively,whileMMSE abnormal rateswere 69.90% and 57.48%, respectively. In the TBI group, 87.10% patientswith normalMMSE score had abnormalMoCA score and in the stroke group, about 70.37% patients with normal MMSE score had abnormal MoCA score. The diagnostic consistency of two scales in the TBI group and the stroke group were 72% and 69%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONIn our rehabilitation center, patients with TBI may have more extensive and severe cognitive impairments than patients with stroke, prominently in orientation and recall domain. In screening post- TBI cognitive impairment, MoCA tends to be more sensitive than MMSE.

Adult ; Aged ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic ; psychology ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; etiology ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Stroke ; psychology