Towards the problems after the medical reform of China,such as dramatic increase of healthcare expenditure and conflict between doctor and patient,this paper analyzes the tripartite relationships between hospital,insurance supplier and patient from the theoretical and practical aspects,concludes that the non-balanced development of the current relationships is an important reason of the problems,and gives the corresponding countermeasures for reference.

Objective To observe the effectiveness of botulinum toxin A (BTXA) in the treatment of small sample patients with acute acquired concomitant esotropia. Design Retrospective case series. Participants 6 patients (3 female and 3 male) with acute acquired concomitant esotropia aged 6 to 34 years. Methods All the patients were received 2.5 units of BTXA injected into the bilateral medial rectus muscles once under electromyographic control. They were performed alter prism-cover test,synoptophore and stereoscopic charts test. Main Outcome Measures The alignment of eyes and binocular vision. Results The follow-up of patients was 4 to 39 months. The pre-injection angle of deviation was 43.3?1.0△; the angle of deviation at the last follow-up was 3.3?8.2△,and 5 patients achieved alignment. In pre-injection,one patient had distance stereopsis,2 patients had near stereopsis with 600 seconds and 40 seconds; after injection,5 patients demonstrated distance and near stereeopsis (3 patients 40 seconds,1 patient 60 seconds,and 1 patient 200 seconds). Conclusion This small sample study shows that BTXA injection is effective alternative in treating acute acquired concomitant esotropia.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of recombinant human erythropoietin(rhEPO)treatment on histopathologic changes seen in hyperoxia induced lung injury.Methods Rat pups were randomly divided into four groups:Ⅰ:air-exposed control group,Ⅱ: air-exposed+rhEPO-treated group,Ⅲ:hyperoxia-exposed control group,Ⅳ:hyperoxia-exposed+rhEPO-treated group.GroupⅢ and Ⅳ rats were exposed to 85% oxygen.GroupⅡand Ⅳ rats were received rhEPO (1 200 U/kg) subcutaneously on postnatal 0 day and 2 day.On postnatal 14 day,survival curve,measurement of body weight and lung weight,radical alveolar counts(RAC),microvessel count were compared,CD_ 31 and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) were performed by immunostaining to assess hyperoxia-induced changes in lung morphology.Results Treatment of hyperoxia-exposed rats with rhEPO prolonged the survival and resulted in a significant increase in the weight gain of body and lung[(25.88?2.59) vs(18.8?3.93) P

Composite Resins ; Dental Restoration, Permanent

Composite Resins ; Dental Cements ; Dental Restoration, Permanent ; Humans

According to the requirements of the ‘three guidance’ talent-cultivation model pro-posed by our university, humanistic spirit was permeated from multi angels during the process of phys-iology. Students'occupation quality was cultivated; physiology knowledge and clinical practice was combined for students; early contacting with clinical knowledge was conducted and teacher-student role reversal method was applied to train students' communication skills. Teaching practice showed that the reformed teaching model not only can ensure the quality of teaching but also can improve the comprehensive quality of students.

Objective: To investigate the developmental toxicity of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in zebrafish embryos. Methods: AB wild-type male and female zebrafish were selected to mate and spawn, then the eggs were cultured with Holt buffer solution. Six dose groups ( 0.4, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 μg/mL ), a solvent control group and a cosolvent control group, were set up with 20 embryos each. Malformations and death of embryos were observed at 48, 72 and 96 hpf ( hours post fertilization ), the mortality and 50% lethal concentration ( LC50 ) were also calculated. Results: At 48, 72 and 96 hpf, the LC50 of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene on zebrafish embryos were 1.668, 1.043 and 0.895 μg/mL, respectively, with a downward trend. After 72 hpf, when the concentration reached 2.0 μg/mL, all the zebrafish died. In the range of 0.4-2.0 μg/mL, the mortality of zebrafish at 48, 72 and 96 hpf increased with the increase of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene concentration ( all P<0.05 ); the malformation rate of zebrafish embryos at 48 hpf increased with the increase of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene concentration ( P<0.05 ). Zebrafish embryos exposed to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene led to yolk sac edema, pericardial edema and spinal curvature. Conclusion 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene can affect the development of zebrafish embryos, which will lead to lethal and teratogenic effects.

Iron is one of the essential trace elements in the human body, the body adjusts its own iron content to maintain iron balance. Iron imbalance, either iron deficiency or over load can cause variety of diseases. As a small molecule peptide hormones, hepcidin negatively regulates iron metabolism. It has become a new therapeutic target for iron disorder diseases. The structure of hepcidin, its regulation mechanism of iron metabolism, the regulatory mechanism of hepcidin in the body, and related diseases caused by hepcidin imbalance were reviewed. This article also reviewed the types and advances of new drugs targeting hepcidin. Due to the continuous research on hepcidin, a specific targeted therapy for specific molecules in the hepcidin signaling pathway has been gradually developed. Through hepcidin activator or antagonist, it can promote or inhibit the expression of hepcidin, thereby improving or treating disorders related to iron metabolism disorders at the molecular level. Hepcidin itself, hepcidin activator represented by small chemical compounds and siRNA, and hepcidin antagonist represented by heparin derivatives are hopeful new drugs to correct disorders related to iron homeostasis.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a sensitive and specific ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS /MS) method for simultaneous determination of imipenem and meropenem in human plasma to monitor therapeutic drug concentration. METHODS: The plasma samples were extracted with dichloromethane after precipitated protein by acetonitrile. And then, the analytes were gradient eluted on a UPLC® BEH-C18 (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) by UPLC-MS /MS with positive ionization. Ions monitored in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode were m/z 300.0→171.0 for imipenem, 384.0→141.0 for meropenem and 390.1→147.0 for meropenem-d6 (internal standard), respectively. RESULTS: Calibration plots were established over the concentration range of 0.39 - 50 μg•mL-1 of imipenem and meropenem, with the lowest detection limit of 0.39 μg•mL-1 using 2 μL sample volumn. Determination of control samples of imipenem and meropenem in plasma validated the LC-MS /MS method. Accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect, intra-assay and inter-assay precision all met the requirements. CONCLUSION: This novel method of imipenem and meropenem determination by LC-MS /MS is proven to be a robust protocol that is consistent and reproducible.

Objective To explore the methods of training for therapists. Methods The students participated in 2014 Beijing Clinical Shortage of Manpower Training Programs (Therapist) by Beijing Quality Control and Improvement Center of Medical Rehabilitation accepted theoretical and operating training and tests. They were interviewed for the situation of training program. Results 39 students had completed the training with the average age of (28.41±6.05) years. The average scores of theory test was (76.23±5.70), and it was (87.18±8.00) of operation. The score of theory test was more than that before the training (P<0.01). From interview, a total of 59 recommendations were obtained, which focused on the quality of training of training provider and the support from sending institutes. Conclusion Beijing Clinical Shortage of Manpower Training Programs (Therapist) has improved the academic and operative level of therapists.