Toresolve the problems in current physiologyexam,this paper proposed the measures in examination reform of physiology,which would provide reference for better training innovative medical personnel with a good overall quality to meet the needs of society.

Aged ; Female ; Histiocytic Sarcoma ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Humans ; Skin ; pathology ; Skin Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology

Diabetic retinopathy(DR), one of the most common retinal vascular disease, is one of the causes of blindness for people over the age of 50.In the early stage of DR, microvascular cells are damaged, expand, start to leak, form micro hemangioma, then show occlusion, and non-perfusion area come into being, eventually form new blood vessels because of ischemia and hypoxia of retina.Illness develop into proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).With the aggravation of the disease, PDR can cause the formation of fibrovascular membrane, the more serious fibrillation of epiretinal membrane, resulting in traction retinal detachment(tRD).Present studies suggest that aquaporins, the essential component of new blood vessels, including aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 4, play a significant pole in the development of diabetic retinopathy, causing the destruction of blood retinal barrier, inducing retinal edema, even macular edema, and participating in the formation of retinal angiogenesis.

AIM: To retrospectively analyze selection of operation, surgery effect, complications and treatment methods of super high myopia combined with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment( RRD) .
METHODS:A total of 47 cases(47 eyes) with the super high myopia patients combined with RRD who accepted scleral buckling of external pressure, vitrectomy combined silicone oil filling, or intravitreous gas injection were chosen in our hospital from Jan. 1, 2011 to Jan. 1, 2016. Best corrected visual acuity ( BCVA), intraocular pressure, retinal reattached rate, closure rate of holes and the postoperative complications of patients in half year were analyzed.
RESULTS:Half a year postoperation, BCVA of twenty-four cases underwent vitrectomy combined silicone oil filling were improving(71%), and eight cases with scleral buckling surgery were enhanced ( 73%) . Statistical test showed the surgical treatment could significantly improve patients'eyesight, especially PPV with silicone oil, but the BCVA of patients with scleral buckling of external pressure in this study had no obvious significance according to the rank sum test. Compare with other surgery, pars plana vitrectomy( PPV ) combined silicone oil filling had more complications, such as high intraocular pressure and diplopia.
CONCLUSION: The therapy of super high myopia patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment need many years' clinical experience, surgical skill of clinician and according to the number, the shape and the site of the retinal holes and area of detached retina, they need to choose the right means of surgery, and timely deal with postoperative complications, in order to improve the patients' postoperative retina, reset rate and visual function.

AIM: To observe the tear film changes after phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation in age - related cataract patients and to compare the therapeutic effect of hydroxyl-glucoside and sodium hyaluronate on the postoperative dry eye.
METHODS:A total of 49 patients ( 70 eyes ) with age-related cataract suffering from dry eye after phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation were divided into treatment group 1 ( group A, 23 eyes with conventional therapy and hydroxyl - glucoside at 7d postoperatively) , treatment group 2 ( group B, 22 eyes with conventional therapy and sodium hyaluronate at 7d postoperatively) and control group ( group C, 25 eyes with conventional therapy only ) . Questionnaire score of dry eye symptoms, SchirmerⅠtest ( SⅠt) , tearfilm break up time ( BUT ) and corneal fluoresce in staining ( CFS ) were measured at 2d preoperatively and 7, 14, 30, 90d postoperatively.
RESULTS: No statistical differences existed among the three groups of preoperative 2d ( P > 0. 05 ). At 2d preoperatively and 90d postoperatively, the results of questionnaire score of dry eye symptoms, SⅠt, BUT, and CFS displayed no statistical differences in the patients of three groups (P>0. 05). While there was statistical significance among preoperatively and 7, 14, 30d postoperatively of the three groups (P<0. 05). At 14, 30d postoperatively, the questionnaire score of dry eye symptoms, SⅠt, BUT, CFS in group A and B were better than in group C, which displayed statistical differences ( P<0. 05). At 30d postoperatively the questionnaire score of dry eye symptoms , SⅠt, BUT in group B were better than in group A, which displayed statistical differences ( P<0. 05).
CONCLUSION: At the early stage after phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation, the tear film stability is decreased, which may promote eyesymptoms. Management with hydroxyl-glucoside or sodium hyaluronate plays a role in relief of the structure and stability of the tear film and improves dry eye symptoms, while sodium hyaluronate eye drops is more effective.

AIM: To analyze the effect of pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) on nitrogen monoxide (NO) and expression of cysteine-containing, aspartate-specific proteases-3 (caspase-3) in retinal tissues of model rats with optic nerve crush injury.METHODS: A total of 60 SD rats were randomly divided into the blank control group, model group and PEDF group, with 20 rats in each group.Except the blank control group, the optic nerve crush injury rat models were established in the other groups, and left eyeballs were taken as samples.After successfully modeling, the model group were treated with intravitreal injection of 5μL of balanced salt solution while PEDF group were treated with intravitreal injection of 5μL of PEDF (0.2μg/μL).Two weeks later, the retinal tissues were collected, and changes of shape were observed under microscope after HE staining.The changes of NO level were measured by colorimetry assay, the expression of caspase-3 mRNA and caspase-3 protein was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western-blot.RESULTS: HE staining showed that retinal tissues of the blank control group arranged neatly and clearly.Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) arranged in a monolayer, and cells were oval, uniform in size and distribution, the cell nuclei were clear, closely arranged, with clear boundaries.The retinal tissues of the model group were sparse in shape, RGCs showed vacuolar changes, the overall number of cells was reduced, and cell nuclei of residual RGCs showed pyknosis and uneven staining.RGCs in PEDF group were with slightly edema and arranged closely, and the degree of injury was significantly milder than that in the model group.Levels of Caspase-3 mRNA and protein and NO levels in the three groups showed the model group > PEDF group > blank control group (all P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: The application of PEDF can down regulate the expression of Caspase-3 and NO in rates with optic nerve injury and reduce RGCs injury.

Background More and more evidences suggest that the interaction of retinal progression of retinal diseases.Objective Present study was to investigate the primarily cultured and digested using explant culture method and trypsas acidic protein(GFAP) staining,S-100 staining and cytokine-18 staining co-cultured under the normoxia and hypoxia using transwell chamber,and the proliferation and migration of cultured RPE cells were examined using MTT and compared with only RPE cells cultured group at 3, 6, 24 and 48 hours.Results Over 90% of primarily cultured RPE cells showed the positive response for S-100.The proliferation and migration of RPE cells were significantly increased in hypoxia condition compared with normoxia condition (P＜0.01).In hypoxia group,amount of proliferation and migration of RPE cells in co-culture group were higher than the only RPE cells cultured group(P＜0.01).Conclusion Hypoxia appear to aggravate the proliferation and migration of RPE cells under the hypoxia status.

To compare the neuroprotective and anti-dementia pharmacological effects of chiral oxiracetam, glutamate and calcium ions were used to establish neuronal injury models in vitro, and the protective effects of chiral oxiracetam on primary neurons were assayed by MTT. Permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2-VO)-induced rats were randomly divided into sham group, model group, galantamine 3 mg‧kg^-1 group, oxiracetam groups (30, 100 and 200 mg‧kg^-1), S-oxiracetam groups (30, 100 and 200 mg‧kg^-1) and R-oxiracetam 200 mg‧kg^-1 group. The animal experiments in the present study were performed in accordance with the Ethical Guidelines of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Ethical Committee of Peking Union Medical College. Morris water maze and step-down test were applied to evaluate the cognitive dysfunction induced by cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Oxiracetam, S-oxiracetam and R-oxiracetam exerted protective effects on primary neuronal damage caused by various stimuli, and oxiracetam and S-oxiracetam showed better neuro-protective effects. Morris water maze and step-down results showed that oxiracetam, S-oxiracetam and R-oxiracetam improved the cognition of 2-VO rats. In summary, S-oxiracetam exerted a better neuro-protective effect than oxiracetam and R-oxiracetam.

Myopia is the highest incidence of eye disease in society, it threated people`s eye health seriously.At present, many researchers measure the structural changes of retina which caused by the extension of eye axial due to the refractive error according to the optical coherence tomography(OCT).Besides, multifocal electroretinography(mf-ERG) was used to detect the function of retina in myopia.Global flash mf-ERG can evaluate the function of retina including both outer and inner retina.Some researchers focus on the correlation between structural and functional changes in myopia using OCT and mf-ERG.More researches are needed to clarify the structural and functional changes in myopia.

Objective To analyze monitoring results of iodized salt and distribution characteristics of problem areas with non-iodized salt in Gansu province during 2001 - 2009 and to provide a basis to develop countermeasures to iodine deficiency disorders. Methods According to the criterion of "The National Scheme of Iodized Salt Surveillance", two levels of monitoring were carried out on production and wholesale-level(during 2001 -2007) and household-level(during 2001 - 2009). Salt iodine was determined by direct titration method (GB/T13025.7-1999), and Sichuan salt or special salt was determined with an arbitration method. Criteria for qualified iodized salt was (35 ± 15)mg/kg(20 - 50 mg/kg), and for non-iodized salt was ＜ 5 mg/kg. Results During 2001 - 2007, a total of 4900 salt samples at production and wholesale-levels were examined, with a qualification rate of 97.80% (4792/4900). Non-iodized salt rates were all below 5% in Gansu province, consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was higher than 90% after 2003. During 2001 - 2009, cities(states) with non-iodized salt problems appeared 23 times, with Linxia accounting for 39.1%(9/23), Wuwei accounting for 21.7%(5/23). During 2001 -2009, counties(districts) with non-iodized salt problem appeared 123 times, including 68 times of ethnic minorities and state poverty counties, accounting for 55.3%(68/123). During 2001 - 2005 and 2006 - 2009, ethnic minorities and state poverty counties were accounting for 49.4%(44/89) and 70.6%(24/34) in counties with non-iodized salt problem. Conclusions The quality of iodized-salt at production and wholesale level is satisfactory in Gansu province, household consumption rate of qualified iodized salt have reached national standard for eliminating iodine deficiency disorders. But ethnic minorities and state poverty counties are main regions with non-iodized salt problem,these areas will be the key areas of prevention of iodine deficiency disorders in Gansu province in the future.