· The mechanisms of regeneration and protection of optic nerve the represent of central nerves are researched more and more profoundly and extensively in recent years. The retinal ganglion cells protection after injury is stopping or preventing it from apoptosis mainly. The methods include glutamic acid inhibitor, nitric oxide (NO) inhibitor, neurotrophic factor, gene therapy, acupuncture, traditional Chinese medicine and so on. However, there have no any medicines or operations that play definite curative role in the retinal ganglion cells protection after injury up to now. So the ganglion cells protection is at its exploratory research stage,which will shoulder heavy responsibilities.

Osteonecrosis is the most common disorder in femoral head and scaphoid. However, avascular necrosis (AVN) in metacarpal head is a rare disease. In the present study, a 14-year-old male patient complained of right-hand pain with a limited range of motion for one month. Physical examination showed that the active flexion was 70° and the extension was limited to 30° of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. The grip strength decreased to 60% of the contralateral hand. X-rays demonstrated flattening and sclerotic changes in the long finger and ring finger of metacarpal head. CT scanning indicated cystic, osteochondral defects and sclerotic changes in metacarpal head. Imaging examination further confirmed the diagnosis of AVN in the long metacarpal finger and ring finger. After conservative treatments including splint immobilization, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physiotherapy, the local pain symptoms of the MCP joint gradually disappeared. The range of motion of MCP joint returned to normal with the grip strength score as 105% of the contralateral hand. MRI confirmed excellent remodeling and regeneration in the metacarpal head at two years later. The clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatments of AVN of metacarpal head were reviewed. Although radiograph examination is commonly used, early-stage osteonecrosis of the metacarpal head should be confirmed by MRI. Given the rarity of this disorder, there is no consensus on the treatments. Metacarpal necrosis is the more common disorder in adolescent patients with a history of trauma. Considering the potential of bone remodeling, juveniles with metacarpal head necrosis could recover by conservative treatments.

The voltage-gated sodium channel subtype Nav1.7 is highly expressed in nociceptive sensory neurons and is a key pathogenic target in several human hereditary pain syndromes. In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that Nav1.7 plays an important role in inflammatory, neuropathic, and nociceptive pain. Therefore, targeting Nav1.7 is a new strategy and hotspot for the development of novel analgesics. This review introduces the structure and function of Nav1.7, its regulatory role in pain, highlights the development progress of small-molecule Nav1.7 inhibitors in clinical trials, and analyzes the preclinical development of highly specific Nav1.7 inhibitors, with a view to providing reference for the development of Nav1.7 analgesic drugs.

Objective To discuss DNA methylation's effect on pathogenesis of pediatric immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)through detecting the expression level of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)mRNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes of children with ITP.Methods Two mL peripheral blood was collected from each of 25 children with persistent and chronic ITP and 20 healthy children (the healthy control group)by using aseptic method in the pediatric ward of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University from January 2014 to January 2015.First ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used as the anticoagulant.Then separate the mononuclear cells,extract RNA and detect expression levels of DNMT1,DNMT3A and DNMT3B mRNA using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.Results (1) The blood platelet (PLT) of children with persistent and chronic ITP was (36.2 ± 19.6) × 109/L,which was obviously lower than the healthy control group(168.8 ±46.8) × 109/L(t =-11.85,P =0.000).(2)The DNMT1 mRNA expression level of children with persistent and chronic ITP was 0.17 ± 0.05,which was obviously lower than the healthy control group (0.27 ± 0.10) (t =-3.912,P =0.001).The DNMT3A mRNA expression level of children with persistent and chronic ITP was 0.20 ± 0.10,which was obviously lower than the healthy control group (0.32 ±0.11) (t =-3.779,P =0.000).The DNMT3B mRNA expression level of children with persistent and chronic ITP was 0.16 ± 0.1 1,which was obviously lower than the healthy control group (0.31 ±0.11) (t =-4.641,P =0.000).(3) There was positive correlation between the expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3B mRNA(r =0.433,P =0.031).There was positive correlation between the expression of DNMT3A and DNMT3B mRNA(r =0.721,P =0.000).Conclusions (1) Children with persistent and chronic ITP have lower expression levels of DNMT1,DNMT3A,DNMT3 B mRNA,which indicates that DNA methylation contributes to the pathogenesis of pediatric persistent and chronic ITP.(2) DNMTs have synergistic effect on DNA methylation of pediatric persistent and chronic ITP.

To observe the expression of N - cadherin and fibronectin in retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE) cells in vitro under high glucose conditions, furthermore, to explore the effects of high glucose on epithelial -mesenchymal transition (EMT) in RPE cells.
●METHODS: Human RPE (hRPE) cells were cultured in vitro. Containing a final concentration of 60mmol/ L glucose was used for high glucose treatment. The cells were divided into normal glucose group (5. 5mmol/ L, NG) and high glucose group (24, 48 and 72h) respectively. The expression of N - cadherin and fibronectin in hRPE cells were evaluated by immunofluorescence and real -time PCR.
●RESULTS:RPE cells became disorganized and swollen over time under high glucose conditions, especially in 72h subgroup. lmmunohistochemical analysis revealed that the expression of N - cadherin in RPE cells under high glucose conditions was decreased compared with that in the control group, while the expression of fibronectin was increased. Real - time PCR results showed that the expression of N - cadherin mRNA in high glucose group was decreased at 24h compared with that in the control group, and declined markedly at 72h ( F = 12. 252, P =0. 000). There were no significant differences between the control group and the high glucose group at 24h, while the differences between the control group and the high glucose group (48 and 72h) were significant respectively (P < 0. 05 ). Meanwhile, the expression of fibronectin mRNA in RPE cells was increased in high glucose group at 24h, and reached the peak at 72h (F = 50. 543, P = 0. 000). There were no significant differences between the control group and the high glucose group at 24h. Compared with the control group, the expression of fibronectin mRNA in hRPE cells was increased significantly in high glucose group (48 and 72h) respectively (P= 0. 000, P= 0. 000).
●CONCLUSlON: The expression of epithelium marker N-cadherin is down - regulated under high glucose conditions in hRPE cells in vitro. Meanwhile, the expression of mesenchymal maker fibronectin is induced and appeared to EMT changes. Results of this study will enrich our growing understanding in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and hopefully lead to novel insights for the pathogenesis and therapeutic treatments.

Objective To study local and systemic immune response in an animal model treated with recombinant hIFN-α-2b-BCG instillation. Methods The MB49 orthotopic bladder cancer model in C57BL/6 mice was established and treated separately with rBCG, wild BCG, wild BCG combined with IFN-α-2b and PBS as the control. The changes of lymphocyte subgroups in peripheral blood were analyzed with FCM, and mTNF-α and mIL-12 in peripheral blood of mice were detected with ELISA.Immunohistochemistry was carried out to detect the local immune reaction, T cell subsets and FAS, in bladder cancer after being treated with rBCG or wBCG. Results The content of CD4+ T lymphocyte was up-regulated in the rBCG group. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio of 2. 63 was up-regulated than pretreatment, significantly different than that of wBCG group(P＜0.05). ELISA assay showed that BCG significantly up-regulated the level of mTNF-α and mIL-12 in serum of orthotopie murine bladder cancer mice. The mTNF-α 806 pg/ml, mIL-12 860 pg/ml in rBCG group, was not significantly higher than those in wBCG group and combination group. The immunocompetent cell numbers with CD3, CD4,CD8 phenotype increased significantly in the tumor tissue of BCG treated group than the control(P＜0.05). The results of CD4+ in rBCG group and the combination group, and CD8+ in rBCG group were significantly higher than that of the wBCG(P＜0.05). The expression of Fas in tumor tissues treated with intravesical BCG was increased(P＜0. 05). Conclusions The recombinant IFN-α-2b-BCG can retrieve the disproportion of systemic lymphocyte subgroups, and increases Th1-type factors and local Fas expression in orthotopic murine bladder cancer. The recombinant IFN-α-2b-BCG is effective in regulating local and systemic immune reaction in orthotopic murine bladder cancer model.

AIM To investigate the effect of fenofibrate and simvastatin on the serum free fatty acids of alcoholic fatty liver in rats. METHODS The rat model of alcoholic fatty liver was reproduced by chronic ethanol ingestion plus olive oil diet. The model rats were divided into three groups as follows: finofibrate treatment group(finofibrate 80 mg?kg -1 po, once a day),simvastatin treatment group (simvastatin 4 mg?kg -1 po, once a day)and control group without either above-mentioned treatment. Experimental rats were treated for four weeks and then sacrificed for blood sampling. Serum free fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. RESULTS Fenofibrate significantly ameliorated the decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids induced by ethanol [oleic acid:(38.212?7.788) ?g?L -1 vs (31.620?6.142) ?g?L -1,linoleic acid:(37.269?8.065) ?g?L -1 vs (30.254?9.063) ?g?L -1,arachidonic acid:(11.646?2.601) ?g?L -1 vs (9.012?1.236) ?g?L -1] accompanied by the improvement of the fat infiltration of the liver, but demonstrated no effect on the increase in serum saturated fatty acids by ethanol. In the contrast, simvastatin can aggravate the decrease in polyunsatrurated fatty acids and significantly increase the levels of satrurated fatty acids in serum induced by ethanol along with the pathological aggravation of alcoholic fatty liver. CONCLUSION The results of present study revealed that fenofibrate and simvastatin exerted different effect on the serum free fatty acids of alcoholic fatty liver. Polyunsatrurated fatty acids in the serum play an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment response of alcoholic fatty liver.

It is held by some of the researches that the "16 collaterals" is composed of the "15 collaterals" and "the major collateral of stomach". And it is included into the textbook that Xuli, the major collateral of stomach, is the pulsation point at the cardiac region. Xuli is often explained as the empty portion of the human body by many researches. Through analysis and summarization of the related theory of the major collateral of stomach, the above mentioned opinion is discussed. And the understanding on the major collateral of stomach is deepened. As a result, it is concluded that count the major collateral of stomach into the 16 collaterals together with the 15 collaterals is inadvisable. The real pulsation point at the cardiac region locates under the left breast. And the real meaning of Xuli is "extending in all directions".
Acupuncture ; history ; China ; Collateral Circulation ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Meridians ; Stomach ; blood supply

Adult ; Comet Assay ; DNA Damage ; drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Male ; Peracetic Acid ; toxicity

Objective To study the prevalence of fatty liver and its risk factors in adult population of Pudong New District,Shanghai detected by combination of B-type uhrasonographic features and elevated serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed in 2017 residents aged 16 years over recruited from four neighborhoods of Prdong New District of Shanghai with multi-phase cluster sampling,including interview with questionnaire,physical check-up,anthropometry, measurement of plasma glucose and lipid profile,ALT activity and real-time B-type ultrasnnography.Serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was further detected for those with elevated ALT activity.Results Prevalence of fatty liver was 21.32 percent (430/2017) in the residents of the District participated in this survey.Prevalence of abdominal obesity,hypertriglyceridemia,hyperlipoproteinemia (low-density lipoprotein-cholecterol),essential hypertension,impaired glucose tolerance,diabetes and metabolic syndrome were 71.16,71.16,11.86,66.74,35.58,24.40 and 47.21 percent in those with fatty liver, respectively,as compared to 26.34,12.73,4.79,39.57,24.01,6.81 and 11.28 percent in those without fatty liver (controls),respectively.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that body mass index, 2-h postprandial glucose level,diastolic blood pressure,serum level of triglyceride,abdominal obesity and diabetes all were independent risk factor for tatty liver,with odds ratio (OR) of 1.080,1.149,1.035, 1.526,1.960 and 1.391,respectively.Conclusions Prevalence of fatty liver was relatively high in Shanghai Pudong New District.Fatty liver closely associates with disturbance of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.