Spermatogenesis is a complex developmental process in which a diploid progenitor germ cell transforms into highly specialized spermatozoa. During spermatogenesis, membrane remodeling takes place, and cell membrane permeability and liquidity undergo phase-specific changes, which are all associated with the alteration of membrane lipids. Lipids are important components of the germ cell membrane, whose volume and ratio fluctuate in different phases of spermatogenesis. Abnormal lipid metabolism can cause spermatogenic dysfunction and consequently male infertility. Germ cell membrane lipids are mainly composed of cholesterol, phospholipids and glycolipids, which play critical roles in cell adhesion and signal transduction during spermatogenesis. An insight into the correlation of membrane lipids with spermatogenesis helps us to better understand the mechanisms of spermatogenesis and provide new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.
Cell Adhesion ; Cell Membrane ; chemistry ; Cholesterol ; chemistry ; Glycolipids ; chemistry ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Membrane Lipids ; chemistry ; Phospholipids ; chemistry ; Signal Transduction ; Spermatogenesis ; Spermatozoa ; cytology

Sulfogalactosylglycerolipid (SGG) is the main glycolipid in male mammalian germ cells, which is selectively and highly expressed in mammalian testes and helps form the lipid bilayer of cell membrane. In the process of spermatogenesis, SGG is involved in the meiosis of spermiocytes. Either deficiency or accumulation of SGG will lead to male infertility. SGG homeostasis in the testis is the premise of normal spermatogenesis. In the process of sperm-zona binding, SGG becomes a component of lipid raft and provides a platform for signal transduction. The SGG binding protein plays a role in sperm-egg recognition and membrane fusion. SGG has a great research value and application prospect in male reproduction.
Animals ; Cell Membrane ; Galactolipids ; physiology ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; etiology ; Lipid Bilayers ; metabolism ; Male ; Signal Transduction ; Sperm-Ovum Interactions ; physiology ; Spermatogenesis ; physiology ; Spermatozoa ; metabolism ; Testis ; physiology

In this paper, a systematical and retrospective review was made on how the drug purchasing system of Chinese healthcare institutions has evolved from decentralized purchasing to centralized purchasing based on four stages as budding stage, initial stage, adjustment stage and deepening stage. In each stage, the working characteris-tics, achievements and problems have been analyzed. Targeting at the problems and challenges confronted with cur-rent drug purchasing, recommendations was made to reform and improve public hospitals’ centralized purchasing sys-tem, such as persisting centralized purchasing online at provincial level, sticking to “four favorable” principles, breaking through the mechanism of compensating medical cost with drug-selling profits, promoting coordinated inter-action reforms in healthcare insurances, distribution and pricing, strengthening comprehensive services and supervi-sion, etc.

Objective To study the killing effect of focused ultrasound activated-hematoporphyrin on H-22 and its optimum exposure time.Methods The distribution of hematoporphyrin in H-22 cells was measured by a fluorescence photometer,the uhrastructure changes were evaluated at different time with a scanning electron micro- scope after treatment with focused ultrasound at the frequency of 1.43 MHz and intensity of 1.0 W/cm~2, 2.0 W/cm~2,3.0 W/cm~2,respectively,in combination with HpD.Results The concentration of HpD in the H-22 cells reached its peak after being added to H-22 tumor cells for 45 minutes,which will produce the hest anti-tumor effect when activated by ultrasound.Morphological observation showed that HpD alone had a slight influence on H-22 cells;ULtrasound alone showed an anti-tumor effect on tumor cells,which was dosage-dependent.Ultrasound dia- thermy in combination with HpD has more effective in terms of its antitumor effect when compared with uhrasound dia- thermy alone.Conclusion The killing effect on H-22 tumor cells of sonodynamic treatment was dependent on the intensity of uhrasound and the content of HpD in the cells,as well as on the time of action of both uhrasound and HpD.

Adult ; Esophagus ; injuries ; Humans ; Male ; Paraquat ; poisoning ; Rupture ; chemically induced

Objective To establish a model to predict the clinical response of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal car‐cinoma ,and provide basis for the individual treatment .Methods The clinical data of 63 cases of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients who have received neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the past 2 years were analyzed retrospectively .Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Logistic analyses to identify efficacy factors .Results The response rate in nasopharyngeal tumor and lymph node metastasis were 39 .7% and 50 .8% ,respectively .Single factor analysis showed that patients with no distant metas‐tasis ,cranial nerve inviolated ,EBV negative and high expression of Ki67 were more sensitive to therapy .Logistic analysis showed that the influencing factors for the effect of the new chemotherapy include :distant metastasis ,cranial nerve inviolated and EBV . Thus ,the prediction model would be:Logit= -0 .470 -2 .863 × distant metastasis + 1 .328 × cranial nerve invasion+ 3 .639 × EBV ,its sensitivity ,specificity ,positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 79 .4% ,82 .8% ,84 .4% and 77 .4% . Conclusion The distant metastasis ,cranial nerve invasion and EBV infection were important predictive factors for neoadjuvant chemotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma .This model could be used to predict the response of patients with nasopharyngeal carci‐noma .

Objective To explore the value of multivoxel 1H-MRS in the differential diagnosis of corpus callosum lesions.Methods 17 patients with corpus callosum lesions confirmed by clinical or pathological method underwent MRS examination.These patients included 2 cases of lymphoma,4 cases of Marchiafava-Bignami disease,3 cases of glioma, 7 cases of infarction,and 1 case of multiple sclerosis.MRS features of lesions were analyzed.Results 2 cases with corpus callosum lymphoma revealed significantly increased Cho peak, decreased Cr and NAA peak,towering Lip peak.Among 4 cases with Marchiafava-Bignami diseases, 2 cases revealed increased Cho/Cr and decreased NAA/Cr,1 case showed normal,1 case revealed inverted Lac peak.For 3 cases with corpus callosum glioma,NAA peak decreased or disappeared,and Cho peak increased in varying degrees.7 cases with corpus callosum infarction revealed significant inverted Lac peak, and NAA peak decreased in varying degrees.1 case of multiple sclerosis revealed increased Cho peak,decreased NAA peak,and inverted Lac peak during acute period with enhancement,while these features returned normal during inactive period.Conclusion Multivoxel 1H-MRS plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of corpus callosum lesions.

Objective:To study the effect of B7-1 costimulatory molecule in inducing tumor immunity.Methods:The lymphocytes were examined in vitro,for both proliferation induces(PI) and specific cytotoxic activity,H22 mice were challenged subcutaneously either by the mock following which the latency,survival time and tumor mass growth were noted.Results:The H22-B7-1 cells more effectively induced the proliferation of effecter lymphocytes and the generation of specific lytic activity against H22 cells.The H22-B7-1 cells demonstrated slower rate(P

Objective To observe the alterations of Sirt1 and mTOR activity in gastrocnemius muscles of mice with sarcopenia. Methods Aged (26 months old) and young (6 months old) male C57BL/6J mice (n=16,respective-ly) were randomly arranged into 2 groups respectively, i. e. middle-aged control ( MC) , middle-aged suspension ( MS) , aged control( AC) and aged suspension( AS) . Aged mice were hindlimb suspended for two weeks to estab-lish a sarcopenic model. Kits and Western blot were used to detecte related factors and protein expression of Sirt1 and mTOR pathway. Results 1) the content of NAD+and the ratio of NAD+/NADH: AC group was significantly lower than MC group ( P＜0.01 or P＜0.05) , HLS group was significantly less than the control group ( P＜0.01 or P＜0.05) . 2) Sirt1 expression: AC group was significantly higher than MC group ( P＜0.05) , and HLS group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P＜0.05).3)Sirt1 downstream substrates (PGC-1α, FOXO1 and P53), NAMPT protein expression and Sirt1 activity: AC group was significantly lower than MC group ( P＜0.05 or P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) , HLS group was significantly less than the control group ( P＜0.05 or P＜0.05 or P＜0.05) . 4) phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K and 4E-BP1: AC group was significantly higher than MC group ( P＜0.05) , HLS group was significantly less than the control group ( P＜0.05) . Conclusions Sirt1 and mTOR are involved in the pathogenesis of mice with sarcopenia.

OBJECTIVETo discuss the protective effect of Mailuoning injection on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and its mechanism.

METHODHealthy male adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group, the model group, the edaravone (3 mg x kg(-1)) control group, and Mailuoning high, middle and low-dose groups (4, 2, 1 mL x kg(-1)), with 10 rats in each group, and administered with drugs through tail intravenous injection. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was adopted to establish the rat ischemia/reperfusion model. After the ischemia for 2 h and reperfusion for 24 h, the pathological changes in neurovascular units (NVU) of brain tissues at the ischemia side was observed by HE staining. The expressions of glialfibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Ibal) were detected by the immunohistochemical method. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were detected by the western blotting technique.

RESULTMailuoning injection could significantly improve the pathological changes in cortical penumbra brain tissue UVN of (I/R) rats, reduce the number of GFAP and Ibal positive cells, and significantly decrease the expressions of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 of brain tissues of I/R rats.

CONCLUSIONMailuoning injection shows an obvious protective effect on UVN of I/R rats. Its mechanism may involve the inhibition of the activation of astrocyte and microglia and the secretion and expression of various inflammatory factors.

Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Brain Ischemia ; surgery ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; genetics ; metabolism ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Male ; Protective Agents ; administration & dosage ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; genetics ; metabolism ; prevention & control ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; genetics ; metabolism ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; genetics ; metabolism