Observed index is a very important element in a research design, because it is a specific reflection of the effects of research factors on the research subjects and is indispensable in any research. Generally, there are two types of observed indexes: the indexes that reflect natural attributes, habits or states of the research subjects and the indexes that reflect the effects of different drugs or treatments on research subjects. This article mainly introduces the definition, characteristics, selection and observation of research indexes and the major and minor indexes.

OBJECTIVETo compare two kinds of method for treating lumbar tuberculosis with psoas abscess, to provide reference for clinical reasonable select of therapy treatment.

METHODSFrom January 2010 to January 2013,42 patients with lumbar tuberculosis combined with psoas abscess with obvious surgical indications were enrolled, including 24 males and 18 females with an average age of (38.5 ± 10.2) years old ranging from 21 to 63 years old. All patients were followed up for 18 to 24 months with an average of 20.9 months. Twenty-two patients underwent posterior vertebral body lesions cleared, bone graft fusion and internal fixation and percutaneous puncture catheter drainage for treatment of psoas major abscess as group A, and twenty patients underwent one-stage extraperitoneal approach to remove abscess, posterior vertebral body lesions cleared, bone graft fusion and internal fixation as group B. The operative time, loss of blood, length of hospital stay, clinical cure rate and other clinical results for the two groups were analyzed and compared.

RESULTSThe loss of blood was (452.3 ± 137.6) ml in group A and (603.5 ± 99.6) ml in group B, there was significant statistical difference (P < 0.05). The time of operation was (193.6 ± 91.2) min in group A and (230.5 ± 56.6) min in group B, there was significant statistical difference (P < 0.05). The time of operation and the loss of blood in group A were obviously less than which in group B. In group A 20 cases were cured and 2 cases relapsed, 19 cases were cured and 1 case relapsed in group B, there was no significant statistical differences between two groups regarding cure rate with chi-square test (χ² = 0.000, P = 1.000). All patients in two groups obtained good clinical curative effect. There were no significant statistical difference between two groups regarding for length of hospital stay with t-test (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONLumbar spinal tuberculosis with psoas abscess is not absolute indications for anterior open operation. Compared with the combined anterior and posterior surgical procedure, the percutaneous puncture catheter drainage combined with posterior debridement, interbody fusion and internal fixation can achieve the same clinical effect but less trauma for the patients.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Debridement ; Female ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Psoas Abscess ; etiology ; surgery ; Spinal Fusion ; Tuberculosis, Spinal ; complications ; surgery ; Young Adult

Objective To study the relationship between salt consumption and hypertension in Chinese people,and provide basic information for developing intervention strategies.Method The data of 45 349 chinese residents aged 15 yrs and above from 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey was used.Results The hypertension prevalence was 18.2%.The prevalence of residents with high blood pressure value was 36.0%,which was 20.4% and 16.2% among men and women,respectively. Hypertension prevalence among people living in urban was higher than their counterparts living in rural.The prevalence of hypertension increased with salt consumption.As compared to people who consumed less than 6 g salt per day,after relative confounding factors adjusted,the prevalence ratio was 1.09,1.14 and 1.28 times,respectively,among people who averagely consumed 6～12 g,12218 g,and≥18 g salt per day,which was 1.13,1.11 and 1.30 times,respectively,among employment population.Conclusion The hypertension prevalence of chinese residents is quite high.There is significant relationship between salt consumption and hypertension.It is very important to strengthen the health education for preventing and controlling hypertension in Chinese residents.

Objective To study the time distribution of non-agriculture employed population spent in a working day in China, and to provide basic information for intervention strategies.Methods The data of 2002 China Nutrition and Health Survey were used. The information on daily activities including occupation,transportation,exercise,housework,sedentary activity and sleep was described.Results Non-agriculture employed population spent 8.41 h,0.58 h,0.09 h,3.11 h,1.40 h and 7.89 h on occupation, transportation,exercise,sedentary activity,housework and sleep,respectively.Administrator,technologist and clerks spent less time on occupation activity than service workers,production and transportation workers and others did,and they spent more time on sedentary activity.Male spent more time on occupation activity and less time on housework and sleep than female did.People in rural area spent more time on occupation activity than those in urban area,but less time On transportation and sedentary activity.Conclusion Differences in time use among different employed groups,gender and area were found,which should be considered when intervention measure is developed.

This study aims to establish an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of gastrodin and eight nucleosides and nucleobases components in Gastrodia elata. The separation was carried out on an Agilent Zorbax Bonus-RP (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm) column with a methanol-(0.04% acetic acid) water solution gradient elution program at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was 36 degrees C, and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. The volume of injection was 20 μL. The nine components including gastrodin, cytosine, uracil, cytosine, adenine, thymine, uridine, guanosine and adenosine were well separated. The calibration curve was well linear in the range of 2.04-262.00 mg x L(-1), 0.20-24.67 mg x L(-1), 0.18-23.75 mg x L(-1), 0.20-25.83 mg x L(-1), 0.20-26.67 mg x L(-1), 0.16-20.00 mg x L(-1), 0.22-27.71 mg x L(-1), 0.20-24.29 mg x L(-1), 0.24-30.58 mg x L(-1), respectively, and the correlation coefficient was between 0.998 9-0.999 9. The average recovery of gastrodin and eight nucleosides and nucleobases were 96.4%-99.6%, RSD less than 2.7% (n = 6). The contents of gastrodin in all the seven Tibet cultured Gastrodia elata samples were over 2 mg x g(-1). Further, all samples contain higher contents of adenosine, guanosine, uridine and cytidine compared to low contents of cytosine, uracil, adenine and thymine. The established method is accurate, reproducible and suitable for the determination of gastrodin and eight nucleosides and nucleobases comppnents in Gastrodia elata.
Benzyl Alcohols ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Gastrodia ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Nucleosides ; analysis ; Nucleotides ; analysis

OBJECTIVE: To select specific DNA aptamer for determining ketamine by FluMag-SELEX. METHODS: Based on magnetic beads with tosyl surface modification as solid carrier and ketamine as target, a random ssDNA library with total length of 78 bp in vitro was compounded. After 13 rounds screening, DNA cloning and sequencing were done. Primary and secondary, structures were analyzed. The affinity, specificity and Kd values of selected aptamer were measured by monitoring the fluorescence intensity. RESULTS: Two ssDNA aptamers (Apt#4 and Apt#8) were successfully selected with high and specific abilities to bind ketamine as target with Kd value of 0.59 and 0.66 μmol/L. The prediction of secondary structure was main stem-loop and G-tetramer. The stem was the basis of stability of aptamer's structure. And loop and G-tetramer was the key of specific binding of ketamine. CONCLUSION FluMag-SELEX can greatly improve the selection efficiency of the aptamer, obtain the ketamine-binding DNA aptamer, and develop a new method for rapid detection of ketamine.
Aptamers, Nucleotide/metabolism* ; DNA ; DNA, Single-Stranded/genetics* ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ketamine/metabolism* ; Oligonucleotides ; SELEX Aptamer Technique/methods*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical outcomes of percutaneous intervertebral foramina endoscopic lumbar discectomy for elder patients with lumbar spinal stenosis syndrome.

METHODSFrom July 2006 to July 2011, 60 elder patients with lumbar spinal stenosis syndrome were treated with surgical operation, including 32 males and 28 females with an average age of (66.7 +/- 2.5) years old ranging from 72 to 83 years. These patients were divided into the traditional surgery group and percutaneous intervertebral foramina endoscopic discectomy groups (PTED group), 30 cases in each group. The index of the preoperative and postoperative, operative incision visual analogue scale (VAS) of two groups were compared. The Oswestry disability index (ODI) of two groups at 6, 24 months of the follow-up were also evaluated on activity of daily living.

RESULTSThe average operative time, the average blood loss, the number of cases using analgesic drug, hospitalization time of PTED group were better than those of the traditional surgery group (P < 0.05). The improvement of incision VAS in PTED group was better than that in the traditional surgery group (P < 0.05). All patients were followed up for 24 months at least. The ODI at 1, 24 month after operation were better than that of preoperative in two group respectively (P < 0.05), but the improvement of PTED group was better than that of the traditional surgery group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONPTED has the advantages of smaller incision, less bleeding, less postoperative stay and hospitalization time, tissue trauma and quicker recovery. It is a safe and efficacious minimally invasive surgical technique for elder patients with lumbar spinal stenosis syndrome.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Decompression, Surgical ; Diskectomy, Percutaneous ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Spinal Stenosis ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of thoracic electrical bioimpedance(TEB)in monitoring the cardiac function of peritoneal dialysis patients.Methods One hundred and one patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 30 healthy persons (control group)were included in the study.Thoracic electrical bioimpedance (TEB) noninvasive hcmodynamic monitoring and echocardiography were taken to analyze the correlation between indexes.Results Echocardiography showed that left atrial diameter (LAD),left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd),left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVDs),interventricular septal thickness （IVST),interventricular septal thickness (PAP),left ventricle weight index (LVMI) of CAPD group were higher than that of the control group (all P ＜ 0.05),early and late wave of mitral valve flow (E/A) of CAPD group was lower than that of control group (P ＜ 0.05).TEB monitoring showed that cardiac output (CO),stroke volume (SV),acceleration index (ACI),ejection fraction (EF),velocity index (Ⅵ) of CAPD group were significantly lower than that of control group (all P ＜ 0.01),systolic time ratio (STR),SVR,TFC of CAPD group were significantly higher than that of control group (P ＜ 0.01).Correlation analysis show that left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was negatively correlated with BNP (r =-0.467,P ＜ 0.01),LVMI was positively correlated with BNP (r=0.416,P ＜ 0.01),PEP,STR and TFC were positively correlated with BNP (r =0.404,P ＜ 0.01; r =0.572,P ＜ 0.01; r=0.471,P ＜ 0.01),EF was negatively correlated with BNP (r =-0.664,P ＜ 0.01).Correlation analysis between echocardiogaphy and TEB monitoring index showed there was significant correlation between EF and LVEF (r =0.451,P ＜ 0.01),SVR and TFC were positively correlated with LVMI (r =0.232,P ＜ 0.05; r =0.284,P ＜ 0.05),SV was positively correlated with E/A (r =0.285,P ＜ 0.05),pre-ejection period (PEP) and STR were negatively correlated with LVEF (r =-0.389,P ＜ 0.01; r =-0.446,P ＜ 0.01),TFC was positively correlated with LAD (r=0.279,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion TEB monitoring can accurately evaluate the cardiac function with the advantage of dynamic monitoring and simple operation.It can partly replace the echocardiography test.

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of point application with Da Huang (Rhizoma Rhei Cruda) powder at Shenque (CV 8) plus moxa-salt hot compress on the umbilicus for preventing gastrointestinal adverse reactions after chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).Methods:A total of 60 cases with NHL under chemotherapy were divided into two groups by hospitalization order,with 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with routine nursing and the observation group was additionally given point application with Da Huang (Rhizoma Rhei Cruda) powder plus moxa-salt hot compress on the umbilicus,to compare the effect in preventing gastrointestinal adverse reactions after chemotherapy between the two groups.Results:The occurrence rates of constipation,nausea,vomiting and poor appetite on the second day and fifth day after chemotherapy were obviously lower in the observation group than those in the control group,with statistically significant differences between the two groups (all P＜0.05).Conclusion:The point application with Da Huang (Rhizoma Rhei Cruda) powder at Shenque (CV 8) plus maxa-salt hot compress on the umbilicus can produce more significant efficacy in preventing the gastrointestinal adverse reactions after chemotherapy for NHL than routine nursing.Moreover,it is simple and easy to be used and popularized.

Objective To search for protein markers in urine from patients with diabetic nephropathy by proteomic method and discuss its clinical significance in laboratory diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. Methods This study included 129 patients with diabetic nephropathy, 61 diabetes mellitus patients, and 102 healthy volunteers. The urinary protein profiles were obtained using surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) and Au Chip (ProteinChip Gold Array). The differential peaks were screened by Biomaker Wizard software and the decision tree pattern was developed by Biomarker Patterns Software (BPS). The model was blindly tested to validate diagnostic efficiency. Some differentially expressed protein was preliminarily identified according to the molecular weight as compared with mass spectrometry data of standard proteins. Results Totally 40 distinguished protein peaks(t value: - 9.81-24.52, P < 0.05) were obtained after comparing the samples between diabetic nephropathy and the control groups. The peak with m/z 66 916 was automatically screened by BPS to develop decision tree pattern. The pattern was blindly tested and yielded a sensitivity of 98.7% (78/79) and a specificity of 98.2% (111/113). After we compared results from diabetic nephropathy with those from diabetes mellitus, twenty-four differential peaks were obtained in diabetic nephropathy (t value: -6.95-14.45,P < 0.05). The peaks with m/z 4 008, 11 619 and 66 916 were automatically screened by BPS to establish decision tree pattern. The model was blindly tested and yielded the sensitivity(129/129) and specificity(61/61) of 100%. After we compared our results with mass spectrometry data of standard proteins, the four differentially expressed proteins with m/z 11 619, 23 529, 66 916 and 79 378 were supposed to be β_2-microglobulin, α1-microglobulin, albumin and transfcrrin. Conclusion The preliminary results suggest that these SELDI-TOF and Au chip have the potential application value in identification of protein source and early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy, and evaluation of renal injury.