To investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics and absolute bioavailability of ginkgolide A (GA), ginkgolide B (GB) and bilobalide (BB) in rats. In this experiment, a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) method was established to determine the plasma concentrations of GA, GB and BB in rats after rats were administrated with the three drugs through ig and iv respectively. The main pharmacokinetic parameters and absolute bioavailability of three ginkgolide compounds were obtained by using pharmacokinetic software DAS 2. 0. After the inject of GA, GB and BB, the results showed Cmax at (513.9 ± 116.9), (701.3 ± 76.0), (5,255.6 ± 476.8) µg · L(-1) and AUC0.24h of (960.9 ± 268.5), (779.5 ± 140.6), (7,409.3 ± 1,181.1) µg · h · L(-1), respectively; after the oral administration, the results showed Cmax at (522.9 ± 39.9), (146.8 ± 31.6), (2,711.9 ± 588.9) µg · L(-1) and AUC0-24 h of (1,760.4 ± 300.7), (636.6 ± 180.3), (16,651.4 ± 1,306.5) µg · h · L(-1), respectively. The absolute bioavailability of GA, GB and BB in rats was (61.1 ± 10.4)%, (27.2 ± 7.7)%, (56.2 ± 4.4)%, respectively. The method established in this experiment has a good specificity and sensitivity and so can be used to study the pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of GA, GB and BB in rats.
Animals ; Biological Availability ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cyclopentanes ; pharmacokinetics ; Furans ; pharmacokinetics ; Ginkgolides ; pharmacokinetics ; Lactones ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

0.05). Conclusions Biofeedback and pelvic electric stimulation could be used to treat stress incontinence. Menopause status,BMI and severity of stress incontinence can not obvious affect the outcomes of biofeedback and pelvic electric stimulation.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on human cervical carcinoma HeLa cell line.

METHODSHeLa cells were treated with As2O3 and ATRA. The cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay. The expressions of NDRG-1 protein and mRNA were determined by Western blot and RT-PCR analysis.

RESULTSMTT assay showed that As2O3 and ATRA inhibited the growth of human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Western blot and RT-PCR techniques showed that As2O3 and ATRA down-regulated the expressions of NDRG-1 protein and mRNA (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAs2O3 and ATRA can significantly inhibit the growth and proliferation of HeLa cells. The reason of these changes may be related with the down-regulation of expression of NDRG-1.

Antineoplastic Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Arsenicals ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Oxides ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tretinoin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo study the mechanism of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODSThe specimens of 30 patients with ruptured HCC and 30 patients with non-ruptured HCC were collected. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical and flow cytometry techniques were used to detect the phagocytosis of macrophages and the deposition of immune complex (IC) on vascular wall.

RESULTSIn this study, the poor function of macrophage phagocytosis was found in patients with ruptured HCC, which could results in the cumulating of IC and deposition on vascular wall. The IC, which composed of hepatitis B virus e1 antigen (HBeAg/1), complement C1q and immunoglobulins, was found deposited in the elastic membrane of arteries. Likely as a result of IC deposition, vascular injury occurs mainly in the small arteries where the deposition of IC was present. As the small arteries were the blood vessels with predominant injury, they would likely to be the ones to split and cause hemorrhage and rupture of HCC during vascular load increase.

CONCLUSIONSWe would conclude that the poor function of macrophage phagocytosis, which lead to the IC deposition and vascular injury may be the factors involved in the pathogenesis of ruptured HCC.

Adult ; Antigen-Antibody Complex ; metabolism ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; immunology ; pathology ; Complement C1q ; metabolism ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Liver Neoplasms ; immunology ; pathology ; Macrophages ; immunology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rupture, Spontaneous ; immunology

China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Male ; Obesity ; complications ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors

Objective To explore the association between polymorphisms of adiponectin gene and the risk of ischemic stroke in Han population from the Northern parts of China.Methods TaqMan probe of RT-PCR was applied to detect the genotype frequency of single nucleotide polymorphism(SNPs)(rs266729 and rs2241766)of adiponectin gene in 357 ischemic stroke cases who developed the episode at first time and with 345 healthy controls.Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship of each genotype of SNPs and ischemic stroke.Results Mutation of rs2241766(T＞G)increased the risk of ischemic stroke among all the samples(0R=1.55,P=0.01)and it was still the risk factor of ischemic stroke when analyzed by multi-factors logistic regression after each factor was adjusted(OR=1.55,P=0.00).The polymorphism of rs266729 was not related to the risk of ischemic stroke among all the samples(OR=1.13,P=0.57).However,the genotype GG of rs266729 increased the risk of ischemic stroke among female population(OR=3.25,P=0.04).Conclusion The variance of rs2241766 in adiponectin gene was related to the risk of ischemic stroke in Han population from the Northern parts of China and the genotype GG of rs266729 could possibly increase the risk of ischemic stroke in women of Han population from the Northern parts of the country.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the status of promoter hypermethylation of Ras association domain family protein 1A (RASSF1A), hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) and p73 genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to explore the correlation with clinicopathological features.

METHODSForty cases of HCC and their corresponding non-tumor liver tissues, other 2 cases of healthy donor livers were detected using methylation specific polymorphism chain reaction (MSP) method.

RESULTSThe frequency of promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A showed 90.0% and 72.5% in tumor and corresponding non-tumor tissues respectively, and there was significant difference between them (P < 0.05). The frequency of promoter hypermethylation of HIC1 showed 77.5% and 70.0% in tumor and corresponding non-tumor tissues respectively. The frequency of hypermethylation of HIC1 in non-tumor liver tissues showed significant correlation between younger and older patients. The frequency of promoter hypermethylation of p73 showed 5.0% in tumor tissues. However, none of hypermethylation of the gene was detected in corresponding non-tumor liver tissues. There was none of hypermethylation of the three genes showed in two cases of healthy donor livers.

CONCLUSIONPromoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A and HIC1 genes are common event in HCC and play an important role in the pathogenesis and may be used to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for HCC in the future.

Adult ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; genetics ; pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors ; genetics ; Liver Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nuclear Proteins ; genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tumor Protein p73 ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of Huaiqihuang granules on the immune function in children with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

METHODSPediatric inpatients with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia were randomly divided into Huaiqihuang granule treatment group (n=51) and conventional treatment group (n=47). The Huaiqihuang granule treatment group was orally administered Huaiqihuang granules in addition to the conventional treatment, while the conventional treatment group received conventional treatment only. Levels of serum IgA, IgG, and IgM, percentages of CD4and CD8 T lymphocyte subsets, and CD4/CD8ratio were examined in the two groups. The incidence rate of respiratory tract re-infection within three months following treatment was compared between the two groups.

RESULTSThe levels of serum IgA, IgG, and IgM, the percentage of CD4 T lymphocytes, and the CD4/CD8ratio were significantly higher in the Huaiqihuang granule treatment group than in the conventional treatment group three months after treatment (P<0.05). In contrast, the percentage of CD8T lymphocytes was significantly lower in the Huaiqihuang granule treatment group than in the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). In addition, the incidence rate of respiratory tract re-infection within three months following treatment was significantly lower in the Huaiqihuang granule treatment group than in the conventional treatment group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSHuaiqihuang granules can regulate immune functions and reduce the incidence of short-term respiratory tract re-infection in children with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.

Adolescent ; CD4-CD8 Ratio ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; analysis ; Male ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma ; drug therapy ; immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; drug effects ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the value of ischemic preconditioning in clinical hepatectomy.

METHODSA total of 48 unselected patients undergoing liver resection were analyzed by randomized controlled trial from December 2004 to June 2006. Forty-eight unselected patients were randomized into two groups: IP group (5 minutes of ischemia followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion) and control group (received Pringle's maneuver no and no IP was given). Postoperative days 1, 3 and 7, the liver function were checked. Perioperative mortality, morbidity and hospitalized days were compared.

RESULTSIn IP group, ischemic times were 5 - 80 min, mean 31 min, hospitalized days were 13 - 50 days, mean 20 days. In control group, ischemic times were 10 - 60 min, mean 27 min, hospitalized days were 10 - 33 days, mean 17 days. Forty-seven patients were satisfactory with postoperative recovery, except one patient died of chronic liver dysfunction after 3 months postoperatively. Postoperative days 1, 3 and 7, the ALT, AST, TBIL, ALB levels in two groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe clinical use of IP through 5 minutes of warm ischemia in this technique of hepatectomy does not protect the liver from hepatic injury induced by the IRI.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Female ; Hepatectomy ; methods ; Humans ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Liver ; blood supply ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEThis study is aimed to observe the natural draining state of maxillary sinus, to search for the key draining location (KDL) in the natural ostium, to investigate the relation between maxillary sinus draining and sinus inflammation, and to guide the treatment of maxillary sinus opening in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).

METHODSMethylene blue was used as tracer agent in this study. Fifteen cases with or without light maxillary sinus inflammation (without any treatment) were selected to observe the natural draining state and the key draining location in maxillary sinus fontanel. Eighty-nine cases with chronic rhinosinusitis, but without nasal polyp, were selected, of which the maxillary sinus mucosa restored well 6 months after ESS, to observe the draining state and modes in maxillary sinus. All patients were followed up for 12 months to evaluate the inflammation state of mucosa, and to analyze the relations between the draining mode and mucosa inflammation.

RESULTSThe KDL for maxillary sinus was located in the posterior-inferior portion of the natural ostium, close to the attachment of caudal end of the uncinate process. The draining flowed along it from maxillary sinus to nasopharynx. After conventional transnasal endoscopic operation, 15 cases showed relatively normal drainage, others displayed abnormal state and mode,including reverse draining (maxillary sinus-ethmoid sinus) , multiphase draining (outflow from front, back and lower wall of natural ostium), draining failure (with cilia transporting function of maxillary epithelium mucosae), cistern like change (maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinus formed one operation cavity, secretion accumulated in maxillary sinus) and mucosa disfunction (loss of cilia transporting function of maxillary epithelium mucosae). Inflammation was observed in 33.7% of the patients 12 months after ESS, especially in those with mucosa disfunction, draining failure and reverse draining.

CONCLUSIONSThe KDL for maxillary sinus may be located in the posterior-inferior portion of the natural ostium, close to the attachment of caudal end of the uncinate process, and the drainage mode is not affected by gravity and posture. The KDL lesion after ESS results in abnormal draining of maxillary sinus, and excessively large maxillary sinus opening may aggravate mucosa inflammation of maxillary sinus. The abnormal draining state and mode may be related with the incidence of mucosa inflammation after operation. Preserving caudal end of uncinate process and avoiding injury of KDL would be beneficial to the restoration of mucosa and lessen the incidence of inflammation recurrence.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Endoscopy ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Male ; Maxillary Sinusitis ; etiology ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Mucosa ; pathology ; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures ; adverse effects ; Young Adult