Pterygium is a common disorder of ocular surface with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. The epidemiological studies around the world have shown that the prevalence rates range from 0.3% to 37.46%. Pterygium is related to geographic setting, sunlight and ultraviolet exposure,age, gender, economic situation, dry eye syndrome and others. The purpose of this review is to present a summary of the more recent literature about the epidemiological study, paying particular attention to prevalence and risk factors of pterygium.

The degradation kinetics of chlorogenic acid (5-CQA), cryptochlorogenic acid (4-CQA), and neochlorogenic acid (3-CQA) in aqueous solution at 37 degrees C and different pH values (7.05, 7.96, 9.25) were investigated in the present work. The results indicated that 3-, 4- and 5-CQA tended to remain stable in acidic pH circumstance, and unstable in neutral and alkaline pH circumstance. With the increase of the alkalinity, the degradation of 3-, 4- and 5-CQA was increased leading to a less amount of total CQA and was satisfactorily described by the Weibull equation. Meanwhile, caffeic acid was not detected after the degradation of CQA. Moreover, the degradation of 3-CQA and 5-CQA tended to be converted to 4-CQA, and the degradation of 4-CQA tended to be converted to 3-CQA rather than 5-CQA. The comparison of the degradation kinetics parameters of 3-, 4- and 5-CQA at neutral and alkaline pH values showed that the orders of the rate constant (k) values were 4-CQA > 3-CQA > 5-CQA, while the orders of the degradation half life (t½) values were 4-CQA < 3-CQA < 5-CQA, indicating the orders of the stabilities of 3-, 4- and 5-CQA at 37 degrees C and neutral and alkaline pH values were 4-CQA < 3-CQA < 5-CQA.
Caffeic Acids ; Chlorogenic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kinetics

?AIM:To investigate the causes and characteristics of retinal detachment after vitrectomy.?METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients in our hospital in recent 4a who underwent primary, standard, three -port pars plana vitrectomy ( PPV ) . Retinal detachment occurred in 24 eyes ( 23 cases ) , 24-67 years old, average 49.0±12.0 years old.There were male in 17 cases, female in 6 cases, 6 right eyes, 18 left eyes.?RESULTS:Eighteen (75%) eyes without any symptoms were found during a routine check, 6 eyes ( 25%) with decreased visual acuity or in front of shadow.It took 1-223d from PPV to retinal detachment, average 40.7 ± 54.2d, of which retinal detachment occurred in 10 (42%) eyes within 1wk, 14 (58%) eyes within 1mo.The direct cause of retinal detachment was new retinal break ( a total of 27 holes ) in 19 eyes, proliferative vitreoretinopathy ( PVR) in 4 eyes, 1 eyes with primary hole not closed.All retinal detachment were ultimately completely reset.?CONCLUSION: The occurrence of new retinal breaks is the main cause of retinal detachment after vitrectomy, attention should be paid to the early postoperative peripheral retinal examination;after a timely surgery, the retina can be reset.

Objective To analyse the DSA findings of hepatic alveolar echinococcus (HAE) and evaluate the feasibility of the interventional therapy.Methods Eight patients with HAE were all examined by DSA , CT and lab test . Three of them were performed the transcatheter arterial embolization by iodlized oil. All of them were confirmed by surgical operation and followed-up for three months. Results The DSA findings of HAE included hepatic arterial curling and enlargement with hypertrophied circled encircling as typical “handed ball”. Eight cases presented the ring stain during the capillary stage. After embolization, the retention of iodized oil were revealed by DSA in 3 cases. CT three months later showed fine iodized oil retention and the enlarged necrosis. Ischemic necrosis around the lesion and the cut margins were clearly seen in operation biopsy.Conclusions HAE possesses special DSA findings and interventional therapy in a new therapeutic method of choice.

BACKGROUND:Tissue-engineered bone in the treatment of large bone defects has obvious advantages especial y when the autologous ilium transplantation is limited, which can effectively fil bone defects.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the rationality of intramedul ary nailing support and tissue-engineered bone fil ing in the treatment of fibrous dysplasia of the proximal femur and the biocompatibility of the tissue-engineered bone.
METHODS:Seven patients with fibrous dysplasia of the proximal femur were subjected to intramedul ary nailing support and tissue-engineered bone fil ing.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Al of the seven patients underwent more than 8 months of fol ow-up, no rejection reaction and other complications occurred. After 4-6 weeks of fixation, al the seven patients removed hip spica braces, with a good hip mobility. After 10-12 weeks, X-ray review showed no pathological fracture, internal fixation loosening and narrow neck stem angle. Using the Harris hip score evaluation of the hip function, the affected side of the seven patients was optimized. After 16-18 weeks, X-ray films reviewed good creeping substitution in the affected area treated with the intramedul ary nailing support and bone graft. After 24-26 weeks, new bone appeared within the scope of lesions. After 1.0-1.5 years, bone creeping substitution was basical y completed in the intertrochanteric region, and original lesions were invisible on X-ray films. These findings confirmed that intramedul ary nailing support and tissue-engineered bone fil ing for treating fibrous dysplasia of the proximal femur has good effectiveness, exhibiting stable internal fixation and avoiding resection of autogenous iliac bone. Tissue-engineered bone has a good biocompatibility in the medium-term fol ow-up, with good hip function activities.

Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of a modified T-staging system for hilar cholangiocarcinoma(HCC).Methods From 1999 through 2007,98 HCC patients were stratified by the Tstaging system.Statistical differences were evaluated for resectability,radical resectability,concomitant partial hepatectomy,partial portal vein resection,histological differentiation,lymph node characteristic and survival rate.Results There were 43 HCC patients graded at T1,37 at T2 and 18 at T3 respectively.The resectability rates were 65%,40% and 11%,and radical resection was achieved in 46%,21% and 0% respectively.Resectabilities decreased with increasing T stage(χ~2=15,P<0.01;χ~2=14,P<0.01,separately).In patients with T1 and T2 tumors who underwent resection,the concomitant partial hepatectomy accounted for 60% and 73%(χ~2=0.6,P>0.05),partial portal vein resection for 3% and 33%(χ~2=4,P<0.05),poor differentiated types for 71% and 40%(χ~2=4,P<0.05),and lymph node metastasis for 50% and 40%(χ~2=0.4,P>0.05),respectively.The 1-,3-and 5-year survival rates in patients with T1 lesions were 58%,30%and 18%,in 12 patients it was 43%,11%and 0.The 1-and 2-year survival rate in T3 patients was 12%and 0.Patients witll T1 or T2 stage tumors had a significantly longer survival than those with T3(P<0.05)(Log rank χ~2=14,Breslow χ~2=12,P<0.01;Log rank χ~2=6,Breslow χ~2=4,P<0.05,individually),and the difference in survival between T1 and T2 was not significant(Log rank χ~2=2,Breslow χ~2=1,P>0.05).Conclusions The T-staging system is appropriate for preoperative evaluation in HCC patients.However,its correlation with tumor histological differentiation and lymphatic characteristics needs to be elucidated.

?Proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( PDR ) is a group of disease characterized by neovascular disease complication of diabetes mellitus. Neovascular diseases of eye are one of the major causes of blindness of the world. Recent studies showed that vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor ( PEDF ) are now accepted as the key cytokine in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Recent progress in the investigation of VEGF and PEDF of PDR are summarized in this review.

Objective To investigate the expressions of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and P63 protein in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and their relationship with TNM staging and lymph node metastasis of NSCLC. Methods Seventy-eight paraffin-embedded specimens of NSCLC from 1998-2005 were collected in this study. Inclusion criteria included no chemotherapy or radiotherapy before operation. Pathological diagnosis was made after operation: 43 squamous carcinoma and 35 adenocarcinoma, 45 with lymph node metastasis and 33 without, 13 in stage Ⅰ, 19 in stage Ⅱ, 28 in stage Ⅲ and 18 in stage Ⅳ. The expressions of EGFR, COX-2 and P63 were determined by immunohistochemical staining (S-P). Results The expression rates of EGFR, COX-2 and P63 were 65.4% (51/78), 61.5% (48/78) and 56.4% (44/78) respectively in 78 cases of NSCLC. Significant difference in the expressions of COX-2 and P63 was found between squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (P0.05). The positive rate of EGFR and COX-2 protein expressions in NSCLC of stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ and NSCLC with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that in stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ and NSCLC without lymph node metastasis (P0.05). Conclusion Over-expressions of EGFR and COX-2 may play an important role in invasion and metastasis of NSCLC. COX-2 and P63 may be valuable markers in differentiating pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma from pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Objective:To evaluate the acute oral toxicity , skin irritation and skin allergy of Thuja essential oil ( TEO) , and pro-vide experimental basis for the clinical use of TEO .Methods:The acute oral toxicity was measured by Horn ’ s assay .Totally 40 KM mice were divided into four groups and intragastrically administered with TEO at different dose of 21.50, 10.00, 4.64 and 2.15 g · kg-1 .After the 14-day observation, the death number and toxic manifestations were recorded and observed , and LD50 was calculated by checking the Horn's form of LD50 .The skin irritation test was performed on healthy adult white rabbits .Totally 9 rabbits were divid-ed into 3 groups randomly , and TEO at the concentration of 100%, 50%and 25%was painted on the skin of the rabbits .Edible vege-table oil was used as the negative control .The erythema and edema of the treated skin were evaluated and scored .Delayed skin hyper-sensitivity reaction was used to investigate the allergy of TEO .Totally 30 white guinea pigs were randomly divided into 3 groups:TEO group, the negative control (edible vegetable oil) and the positive group (1%2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene).After the intracutaneous in-duction stage and local induction stage , TEO was used to activate the hypersensitive reaction .The skin response was observed and scored after the 24-hour and 48-hour activation.Results:The mice in 21.50 g · kg-1 TEO treatment group were all dead , while only a part of the mice in 10.00 and 4.64 g · kg-1 TEO treatment groups were dead , and no mice died in 2.15 g · kg-1 TEO treatment group.According to the Horn's form of LD50 , LD50 of TEO was 9.26 g · kg -1 for male mice and 7.94 g · kg -1 for female mice.The results of skin irritation test indicated the strong irritation effects of TEO .However , the irritation of TEO was reduced after the dilution , and 25%TEO showed no irritation to the skin of rabbits .The results of delayed skin hypersensitivity reaction showed obvious erythema and edema induced by 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene , while no obvious erythema and edema were found in TEO treated guinea pigs , indi-cating non-allergic effect of TEO .Conclusion:TEO has strong skin irritation in rabbits , while no obvious oral toxicity in mice and skin allergy in guinea pigs .

Background and purpose:miR-101 has been reported to be down-regulated in gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer as well as prostate cancer acting as a tumor suppressor gene. However, its function in ovarian cancer is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether miR-101 can suppress cell growth and invasion of ovarian cancer cells by targeting DNMT3A, so as to reveal molecular mechanism to inhibit ovarian cancer. Methods:Quantitative real-time palymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method was employed to detect the expression of miR-101 in ovarian cancer and cancer adjacent normal ovarian tissues. SKOV3 cells were transfected with miR-101 mimics, and DNMT3A siRNA was transfected as a positive control. Then Western blot was used to detect the expres-sion of DNMT3A protein regulated by miR-101 in SKOV3 cells. The growth and invasion ability of SKOV3 cells were evaluated by MTT and Transwell invasion assays.Results:qRT-PCR showed that miR-101 was down-regulated in ovarian cancer tissues. Western blot showed that the level of DNMT3A protein was inhibited by restored miR-101 or knock-down of DNMT3A in SKOV3 cells. Following transfection of miR-101 mimics or knock-down of DNMT3A for 48, 72 and 96 h respectively, MTT assay showed that theD values were signiifcantly lower than the control group, (P<0.05). After transfection of miR-101 mimics or knock-down of DNMT3A for 36 h, Transwell invasion assay showed that the numbers of cells through the basement membrane was (105±7) and (107±13), respectively, which are signiifcantly different from the control group (213±11), indicating invasion of SKOV3 cells signiifcantly slowed down (P<0.05).Conclusion:miR-101 suppresses cell growth and invasion by targeting DNMT3A in ovarian cancer.