The production conditions of glutathione with shaking flask fermentation by the mutant Saccharomyces J-X25, a methionine-defected strain were studied, and the optimum culture conditions are as follows: initial pH6. 0, temperature 30℃, 100ml in 500ml flask, the inoculum size 10% and agitation rate 220r/min. The emphasis was on the stimulating effect on the cells by dioxogen and the sodium lactate as surfactant. Both of which were added at the logarithmic phase of fermentation, and the GSH production was up to 0. 253g/L , 52% higher than the control without the additions. Compared with the production of GSH initial strain that by the mutant in optimum conditions was increased by 79%.

Objective To study the clinical and pathological manifestation of simple polymyositis. To investigate the expression of costimulatory molecules CD28/CTLA-4: B7 in peripheral blood lymphocytes and their roles in the pathogenesis of SPM.Methods The clinical situation, serum emzymes, electromyography(EMG) and muscular pathology of 141 patients with SPM were investigated. The expression of costimulatory molecules CD28, CTLA-4, B7-1, BB-1 and B7-2 in peripheral blood lymphocytes of six patients with simple polymyositis was measured with one-color flow cytometry(FCM). The control group were healthy volunteers.Results Muscle weakless, myalgia, elevation of creatine kinase and abnormal EMG of myogenic damage were very frequently to see in SPM. The muscle biopsy showed degeneration, necrosis and regeneration of muscle fibres, sporadic muscle fibre atrophy and endomysial inflammatory infiltration. The expression levels of costimulatory molecules CD28, CTLA-4, B7-1 and B7-2 in peripheral blood lymphocytes increased in SPM. Compared to control group, the mean fluorescence intensity of these molecules in SPM group showed by FCM increased remarkably (CD28, B7-2, P

Objective To evaluate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in reduction of hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury by hypoxic preconditioning or norepinephrine preconditioning in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Methods Primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 25 each): control group (group Ⅰ), H/R group (group Ⅱ), hypoxia preconditioning group (group Ⅲ), norepinephrine preconditioning group (group Ⅳ), H7 + hypoxia preconditioning group (group Ⅴ) and H7 + norepinephrine preconditioning group (group Ⅵ). In group Ⅱ , the cardiomyocytes were exposed to 3 h of hypoxia followed by 1 h of reoxygenation. In group Ⅲ, the cells were subjected to 20 min of hypoxia followed by 20 min of reoxygenation before H/R. Norepinephrine was added to the culture medium with a final concentration of 10- 7 mol/L,and then the cells were cultured for 30 min before H/R in group Ⅳ. H7 was added to the culture medium with a final concentration of 5 × 10-5 mol/L, the cells were then cultured for 10 min, and the following procedures before H/R were the same as thase described in group Ⅴ . H7 was added to the culture medium with a final concentration of 5 × 10-5 mol/L, the cells were then cultured for 10 min, and the following procedures were the same as those described in group Ⅵ. The cell survival rate, the activities of LDH and CK in the supernatant, and the content of MDA and activity of SOD in cardiomyocytes were determined. Results The cell survival rate and activity of SOD were significantly lower, while the LDH and CK activities and MDA content higher in group Ⅱ than in group Ⅰ ,in group Ⅴ than in group Ⅲ, and in group Ⅵ than in group Ⅳ (P ＜ 0.01). The cell survival rate and activity of SOD were significantly increased, while the LDH and CK activities and MDA content decreased in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ compared with group Ⅱ (P＜0.01).Conclusion The activiation of PKC is involved in the reduction of H/R injury by hypoxic preconditioning or norepinephrine preconditioning in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.

ObjectiveTo determine whether antibiotic prophylaxis can reduce the risk of postoperative infective complications in men undergoing transrectal prostatic biopsy (TPB) who had sterile preoperative urine.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Collaboration Reviews, Chinese Medical Current Contents (CMCC), and National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for rando-mized controlled trials that compared the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis with placebo or active controls for men undergoing TPB with preoperative sterile urine. Two reviewers independently extracted the data of patient characteristics and outcomes based on a prospectively developed protocol.ResultsA total of 12 trials (3 placebo controlled, 3 non-treatment controlled, and 6 activly controlled) involving 1 987 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Prophylactic antibiotic use in patients at low risk undergoing TPB significantly decreased bacteriuria and middle degree fever incidence, but could not decrease the incidence of bacteremia. The relative risk for post-TPB bacteriuria, middle degree fever, and bacteremia were 0.32 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.46), 0.37 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.77), and 0.96 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.50), respectively. Effective antibiotic classes included quinolone, co-quinolone and nitroimidazole, and co-trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Treatment protocols of any duration were effective.ConclusionAntibiotic prophylaxis obviously decreases the incidence of bacteriuria and middle degree fever but not bacteremia in men with preoperative sterile urine undergoing TPB. A significant decrease in bacteriuria incidence can be achieved with a range of antibiotic agents, including quinolones and co-quinolone and nitroimidazole. Treatment protocols of any duration are effective with no heterogeneity.

The Qinghai⁃Tibet Plateau is known as one of the highest endemic areas of echinococcosis However，the dog infection rates of Echinococcus granulosus in the plateau regions were similar to other non⁃Tibetan areas with the high endemic，and most of the rates were below 40%. The infected dogs with E. multilocularis were ubiquitous in Ganzi Prefecture of Sichuan Province and Qinghai Province where many survey data were done and available，which was much different from those in non⁃Ti⁃betan areas where the geographical distribution of dogs infected with E. multilocularis was sporadic. The total infection rates of Echinococcus in dogs kept stable from 1983 to 2009 in Ganzi Prefecture of Sichuan Province and did not show much variation from 2000 to 2014 in Qinghai Province as well. Since 2006，the national comprehensive prevention and control strategy and mea⁃ sures against echinococcosis have been launched in China，and significant progress has been made. In the endemic Tibetan area of Sichuan，the general Echinococcus infection rates in dogs were 28.10%，15.87%，19.22%，3.28% and 1.11% from 2009 to 2013，respectively，and the Echinococcus coproantigen⁃positive rate in Gannan Prefecture of Gansu Province and parts of Qing⁃ hai Province also decreased. This paper reviews the literature on the characteristics of dog infections in the Qinghai⁃Tibetan Plateau，so as to provide useful information to support echinococcosis control and prevention there.

Background Salivary transplantation or duct transposition can provide continuous physiological secretion of tear substitutes.This may be an ideal method in treatment of dry eye.But the relative anatomical literatures is few,and some of the conclusions in the literatures are still controversial,which limit its clinical application.Objective This study was to discuss the possibility and the advantage and disadvantage of applying three major salivary glands to treat xerophthalmia.Methods The relationship between the branches of the facial nerve out of the parotid gland and the salivary glands,the salivary glands size,origin of blood supply,out diameter of vessels and adjacent relation were observed in 34 sides pate specimens perfused with red latex under the operating microscope.To find the vessels in recipient site to anastomose,the vessels around fossa orbitalis and forehead were anatomized and observed.The parotid gland duct transfer operation,the submandibular gland free transplantation surgery and sublingual gland free transplantation surgery in the human anatomy specimens were simulated.Results The position of parotid duct was constant.The duct length was(4.20± 1.10) cm,duct diameter was (O.60±0.30) cm.The stensen's duct was likely to be prolonged by the cheek mucous membrane or venous andthe damage of buccal branch,zygomatic branch and temporal branches of facial nerve should be avoided during the operation of transplanting stensen' s duct.When submandibular gland was transplanted,facial vessel was taken as its pedicle,whose outside diameter was (2.70 ± 0.28) mm,and the length of the transplant vascular pedicle was (1.90 ± O.30) cm.Thc anastomosed vessel was superficial temporal vessel in recipient site.When sublingual gland was transplanted,sublingual(88.2％,30 sides) or submental vessel(11.8％,4 sides) was taken as its pedicle,whose outside diameter was(1.92±0.36) mm and (1.96±0.54) mm,and the length of the transplant vascular pedicle was(2.60± 1.10) cm and(3.50±0.40) cm,and the anastomosed vessel was the frontal branch of superficial temporal vessel in recipient site.Three sides of specimens lacked sublingual glands.Conclusions It is feasible that treating severe xerophthalmia by the operation of grafting the major salivary glands or transplanting stensen' s duct on the point of anatomical view.Parotid duct inversion and the submandibular gland transplantation have been applied to clinic.However,sublingual transplantation remains to be further confirmed by the animal experiments.

AIM: To analyze the pathogenic bacteria and drug sensitivity in cases of canalicular inflammation.
●METHODS: Lacrimal sac secretion from 57 cases ( 57 eyes) with canalicular inflammation. used to do bacterial cultures and drug sensitivity tests. Grind open the sulfur particles from canaliculus for bacterial smear.
●RESULTS:After squeeze canalicular, there are 56 sulfur granules from 57 patients. All of the Sulfur particles smears were found in actinomycetes. A total of 55 from 57 cases of lacrimal secretions for bacterial culture were positive, and 63 strains were cultured. The main pathogen are Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus viridans and pneumococcus. Drug susceptibility test results showed that:rifampicin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, and mezlocillin are sensitivity.
●CONCLUSION:Actinomycetes were the main pathogens to canalicular inflammation, and most of the presence of co- infection with other bacteria. Rifampin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, and mezlocillin are sensitivity canalicular inflammation.

To investigate the possible involvement of Ras signaling in the hematopoietic differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ES cells), ES cells were transfected with RasN17, the dominant-negative mutant of Ras. Western blot was used to test the effect of RasN17 expression on Erk1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect expression of gene related to hematopoiesis in differentiation of ES cells. The results showed that the expression of RasN17 in the ES cells remarkably downregulated the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt simultaneously. Moreover, the expression of several markers related with hematopoiesis including Runx1, SCL and beta-major globin, were significantly suppressed in the EB expressing RasN17, whereas the transcription of Flk1, a gene required earlier than SCL in development of hematopoietic and endothelial lineages, was not influenced. It is concluded that the activation of Ras is pivotal for in vitro hematopoietic differentiation of ES cells.
Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; cytology ; Genes, ras ; Hematopoiesis ; physiology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; cytology ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 ; metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Signal Transduction ; ras Proteins ; physiology

The on-line monitor for the changes in the content of baicalin in Scutellariae Radix formula particles during the extraction process was conducted by using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used as a reference method. Kennard-Stone (KS) was used to divide sample sets, so as to compare different pretreatment methods. The synergy interval partial least squares (SiPLS) was used to screen out modeling wave band to establish partial least-squares models. The relative error method was applied to predict forecast set samples of Scutellariae Radix in three extraction phases. The results showed that the model established by Savitzky-Golay smoothing with 11 points (SG11 points) was the best, with the root mean square with cross validation (RMSECV), root mean square error of correction (RMSEC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of baicalin of 0.092 7, 0.134 4 and 0.114 8, respectively, the determination coefficient R2 of greater than 0.99, and the relative error of baicalin content of less than 5%. This indicates that the on-line near infrared reflectance spectroscopy could be applied in on-line monitor and quality control of the extraction process of Scutellariae Radix formula particles.
Automation ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Quality Control ; Scutellaria baicalensis ; chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study clinical effects of the over-articular external fixator combined with limited internal fixation for the treatment of Pilon fractures caused by high energy.

METHODSFrom September 2003 to April 2011, 36 patients with Pilon fractures caused by high energy were treated with the over-articular external fixator combined with limited internal fixator. There were 25 males and 11 females, ranging in age from 16 to 72 years old,with an average of 38 years old. The diagnoses of all patients were determined by conventional X-ray examination or three-dimensional spiral CT examination. The AOFAS scoring criteria was used to evaluate the therapeutic effects. The patients with comminuted fractures were treated with screw or Kirschner wire fixation without uncovering periost so as to enhance stability between fracture end and bone blocks,followed by the fixation with over-articular external fixators.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 4 to 27 months, with an average of 13 months. Thirty-two patients got wound healing at the first stage. And the bone union duration ranged from 2 to 6 months, with a mean of 3 months. According to the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot subjective scoring standard, 13 patients got an excellent result, 20 good and 3 fair, with an score of 88.2 +/- 3.6. Twelve patients had infections at pinhole, 5 patients had pinhole pain. One patient had the fixator broken induced by over loading, who was cured after treatment. There were no complications such as nerve or vascular injuries, or osteomyelitis.

CONCLUSIONThe over-articular external fixation combined with limited internal fixation for the treatment of Pilon fractures caused by high energy is an ideal method, which has such advantages as reliable fixation, simple operation, coincidence with principles of biomechanical fixation, and benefit for fracture healing.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Ankle Injuries ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Ankle Joint ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; External Fixators ; Female ; Fracture Fixation ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Humans ; Internal Fixators ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radiography ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult