The purpose of this study was to investigate the different effects of ACh on the action potential and force contraction in guinea pig atrial and ventricular myocardium by using standard microelectrodes and force transducer. The results showed that the duration of the action potential (APD) of atrial myocardium was shortened from 208.57+/-36.05 to 101.78+/-14.41 ms (n=6, P<0.01), and the APD of the ventricular myocardium was shortened from 286.73+/-36.11 to 265.16+/-30.06 ms (n=6, P<0.01).The amplitude of the action potential (APA) of the atrial myocardium was decreased from 88.00+/-9.35 to 62.62+/-20.50 mV (n=6, P<0.01), while the APA of the ventricular myocardium did not change significantly.The force contraction of atrial myocardium was inhibited completely (n=6, P<0.01), while the force contraction of ventricular myocardium was inhibited by 37.57+/-2.58% (n=6, P<0.01). The ACh effects correlated with its concentration. The K(D) of the APD shortening effects in the atrial and ventricular myocardium were 0.275 and 0.575 micromol/L. The K(D) of the negative inotropic in the atrial and ventricular myocardium were 0.135 and 0.676 micromol/L, respectively. The corresponding data points were compared using t test between the atrial and ventricular myocardium, and the differences were significant when the ACh concentration was above 10 nmol/L. Furthermore, atropine (10 micromol/L) and CsCl (20 mmol/L) blocked the effects of 10 micromol/L ACh on the APD of ventricular myocardium, while CdCl2 (0.1 mmol/L) had no influence on these effects. In conclusion, ACh could shorten the action potential duration and inhibit the force contraction of atrial and ventricular myocardium in a concentration-dependent manner. There are differences in the effects of ACh on the atrial and ventricular myocardium. The atrial myocardium is more sensitive to ACh than the ventricular myocardium. It is probable that the muscarinic receptor and the potassium channel, but not the calcium channel, are involved in the ACh-induced shortening of the ventricular APD.
Acetylcholine ; pharmacology ; Action Potentials ; drug effects ; Animals ; Calcium Channels ; metabolism ; Guinea Pigs ; Heart Atria ; drug effects ; Heart Ventricles ; drug effects ; Microelectrodes ; Potassium Channels ; metabolism ; Receptors, Muscarinic ; metabolism

AIMTo observe the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) process of human intestine cells and investigate its ion channel mechanism.

METHODSCultured human intestine cells were exposed to hypotonic solution and the cell volume was measured using Coulter Counter System. RT-PCR was explored to detect the mRNA expression of Ca(2+) -activated K+ channel.

RESULTSHuman intestine cells showed a RVD process and this process could be blocked by Cl- channel blocker NPPB and K+ channel blocker TEA. Further results demonstrated the subtype of K+ channel involved in RVD was an intermediate-conductance, Ca(2+) -activated K+ channel (IK) because of its high sensitivity to clotrimazole. RT-PCR results also showed the expression of IK in this cell line.

CONCLUSIONThe RVD process of intestine cell was dependent on the parallel activation of Cl- channel and K+ channel. The subtype of K+ channel in volved in the RVD process was IK channel.

Cell Line ; Cell Size ; drug effects ; Chloride Channels ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Epithelial Cells ; cytology ; Humans ; Hypotonic Solutions ; Intestine, Small ; cytology ; Potassium Channel Blockers ; pharmacology ; Potassium Channels ; metabolism ; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated ; metabolism

This study is to establish an HPLC-DAD-ELSD method for simultaneous determination of 5 flavones and saponins in Rhizoma Anemarrhenae including neo-mangiferin, mangiferin, timosaponin B II, timosaponin B III and timosaponin A III. Samples were analyzed on a Merck Purospher STAR column(4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile( A) and 0. 1% formic acid (B) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL · min(-1). The column temperature was set at 40 °C. The DAD detector wavelength was set at 254 nm. The ELSD conditions were as follows: the nebulizing gas flow rate was 2.0 L · min(-1) and temperature of drift tube was 105 °C. The volume was 10 μL. The five compounds were well separated with good linear correlations. The mean recoveries were between 102.0%-104.0%. This method was quick and reliable which provides a foundation for quality control of R. Anemarrhenae.
Anemarrhena ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; instrumentation ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Flavones ; analysis ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Saponins ; analysis

Objective To explore the effect of the the situation-background-assessment-recommendation (SBAR) communication technique on critical thinking disposition of undergraduate nursing students.Methods Thirty-two undergraduate nursing students were randomly divided into test group (n =16) and control group (n =16).The control group adopted conventional teaching methods.The test group were asked to carry out the SBAR communication technique based on conventional teaching methods.Then critical thinking ability of the two group students were investigated in early practical and final practical stage respectively by adopting Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory-Chinese Version (CTDI-CV).Results There were no statistically significant differences in terms of CTDI-CV scores and each dimension score in early practice between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).In control group,no significant differences were found in terms of CTDI-CV scores and each dimension scores between early and final practice stage (P ＞0.05).In test group,CTDI-CV score of students in final practice [(334.13 ± 35.47) vs (276.65 ±43.73)] and dimension scores such as the ability of truth seeking [(48.72 ±8.47) vs (37.61 ±6.54)],analyticity [(47.63 ± 10.93) vs (37.92 ±4.98)],critical thinking self-confidence [(48.42 ± 11.64) vs (39.02 ±4.87)],maturity of judgment [(48.07 ±9.54) vs (35.81 ±5.88)] were significantly higher than that of students in early practice (P <0.05).And it was also higher than that of control group students in final practice stage (t =-1.746,-3.928,-1.922.-1.927,-2.666,respectively;P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The SBAR communication technique is helpful to enhance the critical thinking ability of undergraduate nursing students.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of Zhuyun Ning Recipe Ⅱ in treating spleen-kidney deficiency type of threatened abortion with polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS). Methods A total of 40 qualified outpatients and inpatients admitted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine were included into the study. Twenty patients diagnosed as spleen-kidney deficiency type of threatened abortion with PCOS complicated with insulin resistance (IR) were included into group A, 20 patients with spleen-kidney deficiency type of PCOS non-IR threatened abortion were included into group B,and 20 normal women with early pregnancy were included into group C. Groups A and B were given oral use of Zhuyun Ning RecipeⅡfor 30 days, and group C did not receive any medication. The scores of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptoms, blood beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG), serum progesterone, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR), interleukin-18(IL-18), and interleukin-20(IL-20) of groups A and B were observed before and after treatment,and were compared to those of group C. Results (1)After treatment for 30 days,the observation indexes of group A were much improved(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 compared with those before treatment), and the indexes in group B except for HOMA-IR were also improved (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The inter-group comparison showed that the differences of blood β-HCG, serum progesterone,and IL-10 were insignificant (P > 0.05);HOMA-IR and IL-18 levels in group A were higher than those in groups B and C, and the differences were significant (P < 0.01). However, the differences of HOMA-IR and IL-18 were insignificant between group B and group C (P > 0.05).(2)During the treatment, neither adverse reaction nor toxic or side effect was found.(3)The follow-up results showed that 5 cases of group A,2 cases of group B,and 4 cases of group C had full-term normal delivery,and the health state of newborn babies was quite well. One case of group A had pregnant diabetes at late pregnant stage,and the other patients of group A got through the middle and late pregnancy,without any pregnant complications. Conclusion Zhuyun Ning Recipe Ⅱ is effective on relieving symptoms of threatened abortion patients with PCOS,and can improve the related laboratory indexes and pregnancy outcomes of the patients.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nasal continuous positive airway pres-sure (NCPAP) in treatment of severe pneumonia in children. Methods A series of 150 children with severe pneumonia were prospectively included from January 2016 to June 2017. The 150 children all still had short-ness of breath after 1 hours of nasal oxygen delivery,and then switched to NCPAP. We collected related clini-cal parameters (the basic vital signs,blood gas analysis index,shortness of breath,wheezing,groaning,nasal incitement,three depressions sign and NCPAP parameters) at three time points,including 0 h,1 h,4 h after using NCPAP. We compared the clinical parameters among the three time points before and after NCPAP with the purpose to assess the efficacy and safety of NCPAP. Results The proportion of shortness of breath (χ2=272. 218,P=0. 01),fast heart rate(χ2=31. 625,P=0. 01),wheezing(χ2=7. 624,P=0. 02),moaning (χ2=7. 203,P=0. 025),nasal flaring(χ2=74. 032,P＜0. 01),three depressions sign(χ2=117. 030,P＜0. 01) gradually decreased with statistically different among 0 h,1 h and 4 h after using NCPAP. PaO2/FiO2 (F=7. 32,P＜0. 01) gradually increased with statistically different among 0 h,1 h and 4 h after using NCPAP. Twenty-seven patients required intubations. PaO2and PaO2/FiO2in patiens received intubations were lower than those in patients only received NCPAP before treatment. Conclusion NCPAP is an effective and safe way for severe pneumonia children who remained abnormal breathing after conventional oxygen inhalation.

Objective To study the clinical data of patients treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in PICU,and to explore the application time and range of NCPAP in critically ill children. Methods A prospective study was conducted to collect clinical data of 192 severe patients admitted to PICU from January 2016 to June 2017 who had shortness of breath after giving oxygen through nasal cath-eter for 1 hour and then switched to NCPAP. According to using NCPAP oxygen partial pressure,children were divided into three groups:group A[ shortness of breath ( PaO2≥70 mmHg,1 mmHg＝0. 133 kPa) ], group B[shortness of breath combined,reduced oxygen partial pressure(50mmHg

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of different blood purification methods in children with acute liver failure,and to explore the clinical application mode,time and prognosis of blood pur-ification in children with acute liver failure. Methods The clinical data of 85 children with acute liver failure admitted to PICU of Hunan Children′s Hospital from January 2010 to October 2016 were retrospectively ana-lyzed. Sixteen patients were treated with general integrated medical treatment(conservative group). Twenty-seven patients were treated with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration ( CVVHDF) model non-biological artificial liver on the basis of general integrated medical treatment(CBP group). Sixteen cases were treated with plasma exchange ( PE group). Twenty-six cases were treated with plasma exchange combined with CVVHDF mode (combination group). The main biochemical indexes,coagulation function,model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) score and delta MELD before and after treatment among groups were compared. Results Compared with those before treatment,the improvement of liver function and prognosis in the con- servative was not significant after treatment. There were significant differences in the improvement of liver function and prognosis among the other three groups treated with non-biological artificial liver. Comparing the biochemical indexes and prognosis of three groups of children treated with different modes of non-biological artificial liver,there was no significant difference in the total effective rate between PE group and CBP group [56. 3% (9/16) vs 55. 6% (15/27),P>0. 05]. The total effective rate of combined group[84. 6% (22/26)] was significantly higher than those of PE group and CBP group. There was no significant difference in the improvement of liver function between PE group and CBP group (all P>0. 05),but the indexes of liver function in combined group were significantly lower than those in PE group and CBP group ( P<0. 05). It significantly increased prothrombin activity,albumin and alpha-fetoprotein levels(all P<0. 05). At the same time,procalcitonin, sequential organ failure assessment scores, pediatric end-stage liver disease scores and MELD scores in the death group were significantly higher than those in the survival group,and there were significant differences between the two groups. However,the effect of non-biological artificial liver was not good in the subgroups of MELD<25 and MELD>40. Conclusion PE and CBP have a good effect on chil-dren with acute liver failure,and if combined with the two methods can improve the therapeutic effect. At the same time,MELD score should be monitored in children with acute liver failure,and non-biological artificial liver therapy should not be recommended for children with MELD<25 and MELD>40.

Objective To explore the application value of the FilmArray detection system in the diagnosis and treatment of severe pneumonia in children,and to understand the pathogenic characteristics of severe pneumonia in children.Methods A tolal of 158 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from children with severe pneumonia in Hunan Children's Hospital from May 2017 to March 2018.FilmArray were used to detect respiratory pathogen.Blood routine,C-reactive protein (CRP),procalcitonin (PCT) and seven kinds of respiratory virus antigen were also performed on all the samples.The pathogenic characteristics of 158 cases of severe pneumonia were analyzed,and the positive rate of seven kinds of respiratory virus antigen test method and FilmArray were statistically analyzed.Results Among 158 patients with severe pneumonia,114(72.15％) were positive and 91 (57.59％) single pathogen infection were detected by FilmArray,with the highest detection rate of rhinoviruses/enteroviruses (16.46％).23(14.56％) mixed infection were detected by FilmArray,respiratory syncytial virus combined with adenovirus infection had the highest positive rate (2.53％).The detection of respiratory pathogens in different age groups was analyzed.The highest positivity rates of children aged ＜ 1 years were human rhinovirus/enterovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (25％),＞ 1-3 years was human rhinovirus/enterovirus (25％),3-5 years were influenza virus A and adenovirus (27.27％),＞ 5 years was human rhinovirus/enterovirus (26.08％).Among 158 patients,53(33.54％) had bacterial infection,and the most common bacterial infection was Streptococcus pneumoniae (7.59％).In seven respiratory virus antigen test negetive children,PCT in Film Array negative group was higher than that in Film Array positive group (P =0.03).The positive rate of FilmArray was higher than that of the seven respiratory virus antigen test method (72.15％ vs 19.62％,P ＜0.01).The level of white blood cell and cough days in pertussis group were higher than that in non-pertussis group,which was significantly different (P ＜ 0.01).The PCT level in non-pertussis group was higher than that in pertussis group,with significant difference (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions FilmArray detection can detect 20 kinds of respiratory tract pathogens rapidly and accurately.The positive rate of detection is high,and the diagnosis rate of virus is improved.The combination of infection indicators and sputum culture results by clinicians can better guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To investigate the value of endoscopy combined with laparoscopy in the treatment of colorectal polyps and polyp canceration.Methods Different combinations of endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures were employed and the clinical efficacies were compared.Results From January 2004 to September 2006,46 cases with colorectal polyp were treated with endoscopy combined with laparoscopy.Among them,5 cases(10.87%)underwent laparoscopic-assisted endoscopic polypectomy,30(65.22%)endoscopic-assisted laparoscopic resection,6(13.04%)synchronously endoscopic and laparoscopic resection.Five cases were performed further operation after endoscopic polypectomy.According to the pathological findings,21(45.7%)were proved to be polyp canceration,among which 6 were advanced carcinoma,and 3 were found metastasis to the lymph nodes.Among the 41 cases of laparoscopic resection,there was no conversion to an open surgery.Anastomotic leakage was found in 2 cases and anastomotic bleeding in 1.In the 5 cases of laparoscopic-assisted endoscopic polypectomy,no complication was observed.During the period of follow-up(1 to 21 months),no recurrence was detected.Conclusion Endoscopy combined with laparoscopy extends the safety and indications of endoscopic polypectomy,and is minimally invasive to the patients.It is an ideal procedure in the treatment of colorectal polyps and poly carceration.