AIM:To investigate the correlation between chronic dry eye and refractive regression after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)for myopia.METHODS:Two hundred and twenty-five eyes of 225 patients were enrolled in this study.Examinations including Schirmer test,tear break-up time(BUT),corneal sensation,and ocular surface staining were performed before and 6 months after LASIK.Dry eye symptoms were assessed using the McMonnies Dry Eye Symptom Survey.Data were analyzed on history and treatment response.RESULTS:Refractive regression after LASIK was related to chronic dry eye.It occurred in 8(25.0%)of 32 patients with chronic dry eye and in 18(9.3%)of 193 patients without dry eye(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION:The risk of refractive regression was increased in patients with chronic dry eye.

Lipid droplets are the main storage organelles for intracellular neutral lipids. Many recent studies have found that lipid droplets are closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Lipid droplets play important roles in the multiple processes of HCV life cycle, such as infection, replication, assembly, and secretion. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress in the roles of lipid droplets in HCV life cycle.
Animals ; Hepacivirus ; metabolism ; physiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Organelles ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; metabolism

The methods of diagnostic imaging for pulmonary embolism is diversified. However, the different characteristic features of diagnostic imaging and diagnostic accuracy impressive influenced the choice of selection by clinicians. Furthermore, the principle and indication of interventional therapy would have great impending force on the outcomings. This article presents a comprehension of diagnostic imagings and interventional therapy for pulmonary embolization.

Objective To improve the establishment of rabbit model with VX2 liver tumor and assess sonographical value in monitoring the tumor growth.Methods Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were implanted with VX2 tumor in two liver lobes under ultrasound guidance percutaneously.Ultrasound examinations were performed at twenty days and thirty-six days after implantation.At the same time exploratory laparotomy was performed.Results Among 30 implanted tumors of 15 rabbits,16(53%) tumors were successfully implanted with few complications.It took 15 to 40 minutes to implant tumors in one rabbit.Implantation rates of left lobe and right lobe were 53% and 50% respectively,and there was no significant difference.Ultrasound examination could monitor tumor growth well.Conclusions After the improvement,the establishment of model was easier,less time-consuming,minimally invasive and caused few complications than other implantation methods.Serial ultrasound examinations should be performed in monitoring the tumor growth.

Objective To explore the different operation modes for treating native renal pelvic and ureteral neoplasms occurring at the same side of transplanted kidney.Method A retrospective analysis was performed on 48 cases of native renal pelvic and ureteral neoplasms occurring at the same side of transplanted kidney,including 14 cases receiving open surgery (open surgery),22 cases receiving laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection through a lower abdomen oblique incision (oblique incision group) and 12 cases receiving modified endoscope assisted Plunk technique (Plunk group).The operating time,amount of bleeding and blood transfusion during operation,recovery of intestinal function,time of indwelling drainage tube and wound suture,the total cost of hospitalization,the hospital stay and the incidence of complications were comparatively analyzed.Result The operating time in open group was shortest.Group of Pluck is better than other groups in the aspects of Time of wound suture and intestinal function time in shorter in Plunk group than the rest two group (P＜0.05),and amount of bleeding and incidence of complication in Plunk group were higher than oblique incision group (P＜0.05).The incidence of complications and amount of bleeding were decreased significantly as compared with the rest groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mode of the laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection through a lower abdomen oblique incision has the advantages of high security,minimal invasion and satisfactory treatment effect.It is especially suitable for treating native renal pelvic and ureteral neoplasms occurring at the same side of transplanted kidney.

Objective: To observe the influence of electroacupuncture with different frequencies on rats swimming endurance and sift out the optimal frequency parameter.Methods: Wistar rats were randomly allocated to control group, non-acupoint group and electroacupuncture with low frequency group (EA with 2 Hz group), electroacupuncture with medium frequency group (EA with 15 Hz group), and electroacupuncture with high frequency group (EA with 100 Hz group), acupoints Zusanli (ST 36) and Taichong (LR 3) were punctured and rats load swimming time was used as an index, and the change of swimming endurance time before and after acupuncture was observed. Results: After electro-acupuncture, swimming time was increased in 15 Hz and 100 Hz groups respectively, with the significant differences between before and after acupuncture (P＜0.05). There was also a significant difference in the percentage of increase in swimming time between 15 Hz group and other groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion: It is suggested that electroacupuncture at acupoints Zusanli (ST 36) and Taichong (LR 3) with a frequency of 15 Hz could enhance rats's swimming endurance, and 15 Hz might be an optimal frequency parameter during the electrical stimulation.

Observed index is a very important element in a research design, because it is a specific reflection of the effects of research factors on the research subjects and is indispensable in any research. Generally, there are two types of observed indexes: the indexes that reflect natural attributes, habits or states of the research subjects and the indexes that reflect the effects of different drugs or treatments on research subjects. This article mainly introduces the definition, characteristics, selection and observation of research indexes and the major and minor indexes.

OBJECTIVETo study clinical effects of a new internal fixation by using a cable through the bone and Kirschner with a hole in the tail, for the treatment of patellar fractures.

METHODSFrom May 2012 to July 2013, thirty-four patients with patellar fractures were treated with cable through the bone and Kirschner with a hole in the tail. All the patients had close fracture,including 12 transverse fractures and 22 comminuted fractures. There were 18 males and 16 females, ranging in age from 26 to 81 years old, with an average of (46.0 ± 3.0) years old. After open reduction, two appropriate length of Kirschner with a hole in the tail were driven into the patella as perpendicular to the fracture line or the major fragments as possible. A transverse bone tunnel was then drilled with a Kirschner at one side of the patella. Then the cable, which was successively pulled through the bone tunnel and the hole of Kirschner, was crossed in a figure-eight over the anterior of the patella, tightened and fixated by special instruments. The Kirschner was clipped off on the edge of the hole. If it was a comminuted fracture, another cable was used to fasten the patella with cerclage. Postoperative evaluation was based on Bostman.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 12 to 26 months, with a mean of (16.0 ± 2.0) months. Fractures healed in all the cases without such complications as infection, loosening of Kirschner and cable loop, and skin irritation. According to the Böstman score system, 33 cases got an excellent result, and 1 good.

CONCLUSIONThe cable through the bone and Kirschner with a hole in the tail is a simple, stable and effective method for the treatment of patellar fractures, especially the transverse fractures, with earlier knee exercise and fewer complications.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bone Wires ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; instrumentation ; methods ; Fractures, Bone ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patella ; injuries ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

ObjectiveTo study the effect of fluorine on proliferation of osteoblast through extra cellular signal-regulated protein kinase(ERK) signaling pathway.MethodsMouse osteoblasts(MC3T3-E1) were cultured in vitro with different concentrations of fluoride for 24 and 48 h (the concentrations of Fˉ were 0,200,400,600,1000,2000,4000,8000,10 000 μmol/L,respectively).The optimum concentration for promotion of cell proliferation was determined by methylthiophene tetrazolium(MTT) assay.According to the optimum concentration,the cells were randomly divided into three groups:control group (0 μmol/L Fˉ); fluorine group (400 μmol/L Fˉ); fluorine and MAPK inhibitor PD98059 group(400 μ mol/L Fˉ + 10 μ mmol/L PD98059).Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry after 48 h culture.The expression of P-ERK protein was determined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence.ResultsThe optimum concentration of fluorine for proliferation of osteoblasts was 400 μ mol/L.Compared with the control group[(76.12 ± 10.08)％,(2.06 ± 0.31)％],the number of cells in G0/G1 phase[(63.04 ± 8.12)％] reduced and the number of cells in S phase[(9.13 ± 2.08)％] increased in fluorine group (all P ＜ 0.05) ; but the number of cells in G0/G1 phase [(92.11 ± 9.01 ) ％] in fluorine and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitor PD98059 group was significantly increased(P ＜ 0.05 ).Western blotting results showed that:compared with the control group[(100.00 ± 0.00)％],the expression of P-ERK protein in fluorine group[(131.24 ± 13.88)％] was significantly higher(P ＜ 0.05 ),but the expression of P-ERK protein in fluorine and MAPK inhibitor PD98059 group [(91.33 ± 9.68 )％] was not significantly changed(P ＞ 0.05).The results of immunofluorescence were similar to that of Western blotting.ConclusionsFluorine at the concentration of 400 μmol/L can promote the proliferation of osteoblasts.ERK signaling pathway has played a key role in the proliferation of osteoblasts.

Objective To study the characteristics of DWI in nude mice models of hepatic Bel7402 tumors after treatment with adenovirus-mediated cytosine diaminase-thymidine kinase ( Ad.CD-TK) double suicide gene therapy, and then to identify whether DWI can be used for assessing curative effect of postoperative tumors.Methods Thirty nude mice models of hepatic Be17402 tumors were successfully created using cell suspension method,after the tumor grew to more than 1 cm in diameter,20 tumor models were treated by intratumoral administration of Ad.CD-TK for 3 days plus intraperitonea( i.p.) treatment with 5-Fc and GCV for the duration of the study.Then they were randomly divided into three groups during 5-Fc and GCV treatment.The remaining 10 tumor models were used as controls.MR scanning were performed in 10th day before and after tumor implantation in all models by using EPI-SE series and SENSE technology for treatment group. Tumor volumes and ADC values were calculated pretreatment and posttreatment. Cell apoptosis were determined by using TUNEL method.Analyze the change of ADC and apoptosis index (AI) in different times,t test was used for comparison the difference of AI and ADC values respectively. Results After 10 days,the tumor volumes of the treatment groups and controls were respectively (724.16 ±57.45 ) mm3,( 754.57 ± 66.84 ) mm3,with no significant difference ( t =0.488,P ＞ 0.05 ).The ADC values of the treatment groups were (0.98 ±0.11 ) × 10-3 mm2/s,the ones of the control groups were (0.68 ±0.04) × 10 -3mm2/s;AI of the treatment groups were(23.25 ±6.57)％,the ones of the control groups were (2.57 ± 0.58) ％.There were difference in both groups ( t =4.473,5.874 ; P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion DWI can be effectively to monitor the early pathological changes of hepatic Bel7402 tumors after Ad.CD-TK double suicide gene therapy,and provide experimental evidences for clinical application.