Derivation of human embryonic stem cell and embryonic germ cell lines has widespread and far-reaching significance on human basic research and transplantation therapies. Human pluripotential stem cells provide an exciting new model for studying early human embryogenesis, understanding normal human development and abnormal development, provide a powerful system for discovering human novel genes and testing their function, offer new strategies for discovering of novel growth factors and medicines and promise a renewable source of cells for tissue transplantation, cell replacement and gene therapies. Research history of establishment of human ES and EG cell lines is reviewed. Several methods of establishment of these cell lines involving in the protocol, route, significance and possibility are discussed. Selection of the feeder layer, medium, and supplemental cytokines and their roles in establishing and maintaining human ES and EG cell lines at present are illustrated in detail systematically. Effects and used methods of several kinds of digestive en-zyme in propagations are prepared. Several methods for identifying human ES and EG cells are summarized. At the end, some key problems which are urgent to resolve in these studies at present are put forward and analyzed.
Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; Cell Line ; Embryo, Mammalian ; cytology ; Humans ; Stem Cells

Adolescent ; Adult ; Cardiac Catheterization ; economics ; methods ; Cardiac Surgical Procedures ; economics ; methods ; Cardiac Valve Annuloplasty ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Operative Time ; Postoperative Complications ; epidemiology ; Septal Occluder Device ; Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo purify Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) from human serum and detect its binding ability to several kinds of bacteria common in infectious diseases of children.

METHODSMBL was purified from human serum by affinity chromatography on mannan-Sepharose 4B column. Its binding ability to eight species, 97 strains of bacteria was detected by enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA).

RESULTSMBL has different binding ability to bacteria and shows strong binding ability to Klebsiella ornithinolytica and Escherichia coli, but shows relatively lower binding ability to Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus epidermidis. To different isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus, MBL shows quite different binding ability.

CONCLUSIONSMBL has different binding ability to different bacteria, and has relatively stronger binding ability to Gram-negative bacteria. Its binding ability to different isolates of certain kinds of bacteria is quite different.

Bacteria ; classification ; metabolism ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Communicable Diseases ; microbiology ; Humans ; Mannose-Binding Lectin ; blood ; metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Species Specificity

The safety of Chinese patent medicine has become a focus of social. It is necessary to carry out work on post-marketing clinical safety evaluation for Chinese patent medicine. However, there have no criterions to guide the related research, it is urgent to set up a model and method to guide the practice for related research. According to a series of clinical research, we put forward some views, which contained clear and definite the objective and content of clinical safety evaluation, the work flow should be determined, make a list of items for safety evaluation project, and put forward the three level classification of risk control. We set up a model of post-marketing clinical safety evaluation for Chinese patent medicine. Based this model, the list of items can be used for ranking medicine risks, and then take steps for different risks, aims to lower the app:ds:risksrisk level. At last, the medicine can be managed by five steps in sequence. The five steps are, collect risk signal, risk recognition, risk assessment, risk management, and aftereffect assessment. We hope to provide new ideas for the future research.
Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; chemistry ; economics ; therapeutic use ; Herbal Medicine ; economics ; legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Patents as Topic ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the safety and efficacy of Xiongshao Capsule (XS), consisting of Chuangxiongol and paeoniflorin, in preventing restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in senile coronary heart disease (CHD) patients.

METHODSA multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. A total of 335 CHD patients were randomly assigned to treatment with oral administration of XS, or a placebo for 6 months after successful PCI. A clinical follow-up was performed at 1, 3 and 6 months after PCI and an angiographic follow-up was scheduled at 6 months. The primary endpoint was angiographic restenosis defined as a luminal stenosis ≥ 50% in follow-up. The secondary endpoints were combined incidence of death, target lesion nonfatal myocardial infarction, repeat target-vessel angioplasty, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The follow-up for the above clinical endpoint events was continued to 1 year after PCI.

RESULTSThe subgroup analysis of 152 senile patients (68 cases angiographic follow-up) showed that the restenosis rates tended to reduce in the XS group as compared with that in the placebo group (24.32% vs. 38.71%, P > 0.05), and the minimum lumen diameter (MLD) significantly increased in the follow-up (2.15 ± 0.84 for XS vs. 1.73 ± 0.91 for placebo, P < 0.05). The incidence of recurrent angina at 3 and 6 months after PCI was also significantly reduced in the XS group (4.11% and 12.33%) as compared with those in the placebo group (17.72% and 43.04%), but there was no significant difference in the combined incidence of clinical outcomes (6.85% in the XS group vs. 11.39% in the placebo group, P > 0.05). No significant adverse reactions occurred within the 6-month follow-up period in the XS group.

CONCLUSIONAdministration of XS in addition to standardized Western medication for 6 months is demonstrated to be safe and effective in reducing post-PCI recurrent angina and inhibiting luminal restenosis after PCI in senile CHD patients.

Aged ; Angina Pectoris ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; epidemiology ; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; adverse effects ; Capsules ; China ; epidemiology ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Restenosis ; diagnostic imaging ; drug therapy ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Double-Blind Method ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Endpoint Determination ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Placebos ; Recurrence

OBJECTIVEChronic inflammation of airway in bronchial asthma is caused by many complicated elements. Recently, a close attention has been paid to the neurogenic inflammation in airway which is mediated by sensory neuropeptides secreted by sensory nerve in the lung. Neurokinin A (NKA) is an important sensory neuropeptide leading to neurogenic inflammation in airway. Experimental studies showed that NKA has a close relation to asthma. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes of NKA in plasma of asthmatic children and possible relationship between sensory neuropeptides and asthma in children.

METHODSThirty-five children with bronchial asthma were studied; 16 of the cases were < 3 yrs and 19 were >or= 3 yrs. Eighteen of the cases had severe asthma and 16 had mild asthma. None of the subjects was treated with glucocorticoid within 3 days before the study started; 15 healthy children without history of asthma or family history of asthma were enrolled as control subjects. Plasma was collected from each case during acute attack of asthma and their clinical remission of the asthmatic children. After purifying with SEP-pak C(18), NKA content was detect by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as instructed by the manufacturer of the NKA Kit (NKA unit: ng/L).

RESULTS(1) The content of plasma NKA of asthmatic children was significantly higher at the asthma attack (256 +/- 153) than that at their clinical remission stage (70 +/- 66; q = 9.497, P < 0.01) and than that of the normal control group (38 +/- 6; q = 8.599, P < 0.01); no significant difference in plasma NKA was found between the clinical remission stage and the normal control group (q = 1.245, P > 0.05). (2) There was a significant positive correlation between the asthmatic clinical state and the levels of plasma NKA; the contents of plasma NKA at the stage of acute attack in severe asthma (296 +/- 170) were significantly higher than those of the mild asthmatic children (190 +/- 99; q = 3.77, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe contents of plasma NKA were significantly higher during the asthma attack stage of children, and the higher was the level of NKA, the more severe the attack.; with asthma remission, the contents of plasma NKA decreased to normal; the contents of plasma NKA has a close relation to the asthmatic children.

Asthma ; blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Neurokinin A ; blood

OBJECTIVEPulmonary surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays an important role in the maintenance of pulmonary surfactant function and innative immune defence. This study aimed to explore the changes of SP-A concentration in the lungs of young rats with acute lung injury.

METHODSSprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control and lung injury groups. Acute lung injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (4 mg/kg) in the lung injury group. The same amount of normal saline was given for the control group. The two groups were subdivided into 6 groups sacrificed at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hrs of injection (n=8 each). Western blot was employed to detect SP-A concentration in the lung tissues.

RESULTSSP-A concentration in the lung injury group was not different from the the control group within 12 hrs after LPS injection. SP-A concentration in the lung injury group was elevated significantly during 24-48 hrs after LPS injection, peaking at 36 hrs (6.94+/-0.80 vs 5.01+/-0.36; P< 0.01), compared with the controls. However, SP-A concentration in the lung injury group was significantly reduced 72 hrs after LPS injection compared with the controls (P< 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe changes of lung SP-A concentration in rats following acute lung injury were time-dependent. The transient elevation of SP-A concentration in the lungs indicated a strong compensation ability of SP-A in the host defence against acute lung injury.

Animals ; Female ; Lipopolysaccharides ; toxicity ; Lung ; chemistry ; Male ; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEAlveolar type II (AT II) cells play a crucial role in the maintenance of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis and pulmonary immunity. The effects of dexamethasone (Dex) on the ultrastructure of AT II cells after acute lung injury remain unknown. This study focused on the ultrastructural changes caused by acute lung injury and on the effects of Dex administration on these ultrastructural changes in young rats.

METHODSSeventy-two 21-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, acute lung injury and Dex-treated groups. Rats in the lung injury group were intraperitoneally injected with 4 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in order to induce acute lung injury, while the control rats were injected with the same amount of normal saline (NS). The Dex-treated group was injected first with LPS followed 1 hr later by Dex (5 mg/kg) injection. Eight rats in each group were sacrificed 24, 48 and 72 hrs after LPS or NS injection. Lung samples were obtained from the lower parts of left lungs and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for transmission electron microscope examination.

RESULTSMicrovilli of AT II cells disappeared and the number of lamellar bodies (LBs) increased in the lung injury group 24 hrs after LPS injection. The ring-like arrangement of LBs around nuclei was present until 48 hrs after LPS injection. By 48 hrs after LPS injection, giant LBs with vacuole-like abnormalities appeared. The shape of nuclei became irregular and the border of the nuclei became blurred. By 72 hrs after LPS injection, the number of LBs was obviously reduced; nucleoli disappeared; and karyolysis occurred in some of the nuclei. In contrast, in the Dex-treated group, LBs crowded on one side of AT II cells and exocytosis appeared on the same side by 24 hrs after LPS injection. By 48 hrs, the number of LBs was reduced. The number of mitochondria increased, and some of them became swollen and enlarged. However, by 72 hrs, the number of LBs increased and the ring-like arrangement of LBs around the nucleus again appeared.

CONCLUSIONSUltrastructural changes of AT II cells following lung injury induced by LPS were time-dependent in young rats. Dex may ameliorate AT II cell injury and promote functional restoration of AT II cells in LPS-induced acute lung injury.

Animals ; Dexamethasone ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Lipopolysaccharides ; toxicity ; Pulmonary Alveoli ; drug effects ; ultrastructure ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; pathology

Objective To analyze the correlation between the pressure volume parameters and cardiac function in terms of New York Heart Association(NYHA) classification in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Methods Among 36 patients with pulmonary hypertension admitted in our center between April 2015 to June 2016, right heart catheterization recording right atrial pressure curve,right ventricular pressure curve,pulmonary arterial pressure and oxygen saturation curve in different parts was performal.All patients recived underwent cardiac MRI examination to obtain a single cardiac cycle and the use of Mass software to measure right ventricular volume continuously and right ventricular pressure-volume loop parameters were then obtained. Patients were divided into different groups according to the NYHA functional classification, and the correlation between the parameters of each group and the cardiac function classes a were analyzed. Results Compare to patients with NYHA class Ⅰheart function,patients with NYHA heart function class Ⅱ and class Ⅲ had significantly higher right ventricular end diastolic pressure(P < 0.05)and higher right ventricular systolic pressure (P < 0.01). Spearman correlation analysis showed that cardiac function of NYHA classⅠ,Ⅱ and Ⅲhad position correlation with RVESV,RVEDP and RVESP wheras negative correlation with RVEDV. ROC curve analysis showed that,when the patients were divided into 2 groups as NYHAⅠvs. NYHA class Ⅱ + Ⅲ,NYHA classification for predicting the outcome of the NYHA class Ⅱ + Ⅲ level, pulmonary artery elasticity and right ventricular end systolic pressure had larger area under curves respectively. Conclusions Pressure-volume parameters of right ventricles are more objective indicators for cardiac function assessment for pulmonary hypertension patients and evaluation of disease progression especialy in patients with mild symptoms.

OBJECTIVEPulmonary surfactant protein-D (SP-D) is regarded as a valuable biomarker in acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This study was to explore the changes of SP-D content in lung tissue following ALI and the effect of dexamethasone (Dex) on the SP-D content in young rats.

METHODSOne hundred and forty-four 21-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into control, ALI and Dex-treated groups. ALI was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (4 mg/kg) in the rats from the ALI and Dex-treated groups. Normal saline was given for the control group. Dex (5 mg/kg) was administered 1 hr after LPS injection in the Dex-treated group. At each time interval of 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hrs after LPS injection, eight rats of each group were randomly chosen and sacrificed. Western blot was employed to detect the content of SP-D in lung tissues.

RESULTSThe pulmonary SP-D content decreased significantly at 36, 48 and 72 hrs after LPS administration in the ALI group, and reduced to a nadir (0.92 +/-0.11 vs 3.27 +/- 0.52) at 48 hrs compared with that of the control group (P < 0.01). The SP-D content in the Dex-treated group increased significantly at 36,48 and 72 hrs after LPS administration when compared with the ALI group (P < 0.01). A significant difference in the SP-D content between the Dex-treated and the control group was noted only at 72 hrs after LPS administration (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe SP-D content in lung tissue was reduced following ALI in young rats at the early stage. Early administration of Dex can significantly increase the pulmonary SP-D content.

Animals ; Dexamethasone ; therapeutic use ; Lipopolysaccharides ; toxicity ; Lung ; chemistry ; Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; drug therapy ; metabolism