Adolescent ; Child, Preschool ; Eosinophilia ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; complications

Aged ; Cell Dedifferentiation ; Chondrosarcoma ; pathology ; Humans ; Ribs ; pathology

Objective:Tacrolimus prolonged-release(PR) formulation is a new once-daily formulation of the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus,which is currently used in adult liver or kidney transplant patients,and is also gradually widely used in children with nephrotic syndrome.The present study was undertaken to preliminarily investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of tacrolimus PR in pediatric nephrotic syndrome recipients.Methods:This single-center open-label prospective study was performed in pediatric nephrotic syndrome recipients.Pharmacokinetic samples were collected from eight pediatric subjects with nephrotic syndrome from Department of Pediatric Nephrology in Peking University First Hospital between June and August 2011.They followed administration of single oral doses of tacrolimus PR formulation at 0.02 mg/kg (n =2),0.05 mg/kg (n =2) and 0.10 mg/kg (n =4).Blood samples were taken before the dose and 1,2,4,6,8,10,12 and 24 h after drug intake.No other medicines or interacting food or drinks were taken during the study period.Blood concentrations were measured using an enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique.Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using WinNolin Phoenix software Version 6.0 (Pharsight,Cary,NC,USA).Results:The pharmacokinetic data were best described by a non-compartment model.Pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus PR formulation in the 3 ascending doses groups (0.02 mg/kg,0.05 mg/kg and 0.10 mg/kg) were as follows:the maxi mum drug concentrations (Cm=/D) were (1.7 ± 1.0) μg/L,(3.1 ± 1.9) μg/L,(8.0 ± 3.5) μg/L,respectively;Areas under the drug concentration-time curve (AUCo-∞/D) were (47.2 ± 47.1) h · μg/ L,(84.0 ± 13.1) h · μg/L,(175.6 ± 107.1) h · μg/L,respectively;Oral clearance rates were (0.8±0.9) L/(h·kg),(0.4±0.1) L/(h · kg),(1.9 ±1.3) L/(h · kg),respectively;Body weight normalized distribution volumes were (7.0 ± 3.4) L/kg,(12.4 ± 8.4) L/kg and (73.6 ± 68.6) L/kg,respectively.Both mean Cmax normalized level for the administered dose (Cmax/D) and mean AUC0-∞ normalized level for the administered dose (AUC0-∞/D) were higher in the 0.05 mg/kg dosage group than in the 0.02 and 0.10 mg/kg dosage group.There were two peaks in the drug concentrations in every dose group;a primary peak appeared at the end of about 2 h followed by a small secondary peak at h 12,which was more noticeable in the 0.10 mg/kg dose group than in the two lower dosages.Conclusion:The pharmacokinetic characteristics of tacrolimus PR formulation were initially explored in pediatric patients with nephritic syndrome.The data presented form a basis for subsequent larger scale studies on pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus PR formulation in nephritic syndrome children.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Manipulation, Orthopedic ; methods ; Radius Fractures ; therapy ; Ulna Fractures ; therapy

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain ; blood supply ; diagnostic imaging ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ; diagnostic imaging ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

OBJECTIVETo establish and evaluate a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) associated with depression for further elaborating the disease.

METHODSTwenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal group (group N), T2DM group (group T) and T2DM with depression group (group T + D), with 8 rats in each group. The T2DM rat model was induced by high fat diet and low dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) injection, and in addition, the T2DM rats were made restraint stress for 21 days. After the model was established, the insulin tolerance test (ITT) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed. Then the rat depression level was analyzed by open field test, and the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA)was determined by ELISA to confirm the model identity.

RESULTSThe blood glucose level in group T and group T + D didn't return to the normal level at 180 minutes in the ITT and OGTT test; Compared with the group N, the max movement distance, retaining time in the central zone and the retaining frequency within 5 minutes in the group T + D decreased; 5-HT and DA level in the serum of rats in. group T + D was reduced.

CONCLUSIONA rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with depression has been successfully established by high fat diet and injection of low dose streptozotocin in combination with restraint stress for 21 days. This rat model is useful for further relevant studies.

Animals ; Depression ; complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diet, High-Fat ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Restraint, Physical ; Serotonin ; Streptozocin ; Stress, Psychological

China ; epidemiology ; Enterovirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Genes, Viral ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans

Objective To study the thermal insulation properties of vacuum insulated panel(VIP)used as materials for blood transportation kits.Methods A VIP transportation kit was taken as test group,and a conventional transportation kit was taken as control.Phase change cool storage materials of the same amount and 4℃water bags were put into both kits.A recordable electronic thermometer was used to record the temperature within the two kits,and free hemoglobin(FHb)and potassium ion concentration were measured at 0, 4, and 7 days after blood storage.Results The temperature in the conventional transportation kit increased faster after 36 h, and was significantly higher than in the VIP transportation kit until 60 h.Besides,the VIP transportation kit kept the temperature under 10℃ for(60.7 ±0.6)h, compared to (54.2 ±3.0)h in the conventional transportation kit.FHb concentration was significantly lower in the VIP transportation kit[(605.26 ±74.63)mg/L]than in the conventional transportation kit[(1327.60 ±187.41)mg/L]at day 7(d 7),so was the potassium ion concentration in the VIP transportation kit[(22.7 ±0.4)mmol/L]compared to[(24.6 ±0.6) mmol/L]in the transportation kit at d 7.Conclusion The VIP transportation kit keeps the temperature under 10℃ for a longer time,and the blood quality of preservation is better than that of the conventional transportation kit.Novel heat preservation material can improve health support ability,and is of great value and significance.

OBJECTIVETo study the expression and distribution of hepatocyte-enriched transcriptional factors during the differentiation of hepatocyte by rat bone marrow stem cells in vitro.

METHODSMesenchymal stem cells were isolated from rat bone marrow and induced into mature hepatocyte in vitro. The mRNA expression levels of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4 alpha), CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) alpha and beta were compared between induced and non-induced cultures using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The distribution pattern of HNF4 alpha was detected by immunofluorescence staining and observed by fluorescence microscope.

RESULTSTranscriptional factors HNF4 alpha, C/EBP alpha, and C/EBP beta were expressed in the induced cells during the culture process. The mRNA expression levels of HNF4 alpha and C/EBP alpha were significantly higher in induced cultures than those in non-induced cultures in the early stage, whereas C/EBP beta expression was significantly up-regulated in induced cultures at the late stage (P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that HNF4 alpha was located in the cell nucleus of differentiated cells.

CONCLUSIONThe characteristic time-dependent expression of transcriptional factors HNF4 alpha, C/EBP alpha, and C/EBP beta during the hepatocyte differentiation by bone marrow stem cells demonstrates that the expressions of these transcriptional factors are closely related to the initiation and maintenance of hepatocyte differentiation.

Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Hepatocytes ; cytology ; metabolism ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transcription Factors ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEChronic airway inflammation is associated with the polarization of TH2 cells in asthma. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) plays an important role in the polarization of TH2 cells. This study aimed to investigate the changes of PGD2 receptors (DP1/CRTH2) on T lymphocytes and their significance in asthma.

METHODSSeventy-two children with asthma were assigned to two groups: acute attack (n=42) and remission (n=30). Thirty-five healthy children were used as the control group. Plasma levels of TH2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and TH1 cytokine INF-gamma were detected using ELISA. Radiological binding assay (RBA) was used to measure the contents of DP1/CRTH2 receptors on T cells in peripheral blood (PPB).

RESULTSThe total combining contents of DP and CRTH2 on T cells in PPB in the acute attack and the remission groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the DP1 content among the three groups. Serum levels of IL-4 and IL-5 significantly increased (p<0.01), in contrast, serum levels of TH1 cytokine IFN-gamma were significantly reduced in the acute attack and the remission groups compared with those in the control group (p<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe total combining contents of DP and CRTH2 on T cells increased, serum levels of TH2 cytokines also increased, but serum levels of TH1 cytokine decreased significantly in the acute attack and the remission phases in children with asthma. This showed that a polarization of TH2 cells occurred in children with asthma and suggested that CRTH2 antagonism may be a new target for the treatment of asthma.

Asthma ; etiology ; immunology ; therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cytokines ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Receptors, Immunologic ; blood ; Receptors, Prostaglandin ; blood ; T-Lymphocytes ; chemistry ; Th2 Cells ; immunology