Child ; Humans ; Nephrology ; Pediatrics

The complement system, the chief component of innate immunity, is not only required for host defense against pathogens and homeostasis, but also related to the pathogenesis and development of various kidney diseases. Recent study has shown that tissue-derived complement and immune cell-derived complement can each mediate local inlfammation. The comple-ment system acts as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore it’s also a functional bridge between pathogenic humoral and cellular immune responses in an array of kidney diseases. Increasing evidence links inappropriate complement acti-vation and deifciencies of complement proteins to the pathogenesis of kidney autoimmune disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, transplant rejection and complications in hemodialysis. The development of pharmacologic agents that target complement in pa-tients with this assortment of immune and/or inlfammatory kidney diseases has the potential to abrogate disease progression and improve patient health.

Homocysteine has been confirmed as the independent factor for cardiovascular disease.Hyperhomocysteinemia remains the prominent manifestation in the cases of chronic kidney disease, atypical hemolytic anemia,methylmalonic aciduria combined with kidney injuries.As the recognition of the kidney injuries caused by homocysteine remains obscure, this review tries to show the synthesis, metabolism of homocysteine and the possible mechanism of homocysteine-induced heart and kidney injuries.Besides, summarize the current treatment of lowering-hyperhomocysteinemia in order to arouse the pediatricians' attention of homocysteine which has endothelial cell toxicity and causes the wide lesions in great, middle and small vessels, and thus improve the outcomes of the patients.

Humans ; Infant ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; genetics ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; Mutation ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; etiology ; genetics ; WT1 Proteins ; genetics

Objective To discuss the enrichment method of fetal DNA from maternal plasma on size-fractionated separation.Methods Antecubital venous blood (5 ml from each pregnant woman) was collected in EDTA-containing tubes.DNA was extracted from plasma and white blood cells, separately.The DNA was fractionated by agarose gel electrophoresis.Three sections of

Child ; Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; Nephrology ; Pediatrics

Objective To observe the glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) in children with kidney diseases by quantitative ultrasound (QUS), and to analyze its influencing factors.Methods The tibia/radius bone mineral density(BMD) was checked obtained in 67 cases with childhood kidney diseases treated with glucocorticoid by QUS,BMD was measured in children over the age of 12 by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXEA) ,and BMD was measured with QUS consistency and different stages of osteoporsis were compared.The clinical data of gender, age,body mass index(BMI) ,administration duration and daily dosage of glucocorticoid were analyzed.The association between the duration of glucocorticoid use,and daily dosage of glucocorticoid and the different degrees of BMD was analyzed by Logistic regression analysis.Results Sixty-seven patients(male 45 ,female 22) were divided into 4 groups according to the reference standard of Asian children BMD data provided by Sunlight Company:the normal BMD group(41 cases), the mild osteoporosis group (18 cases), moderate osteoporosis group (5 cases), and severe osteoporosis group (3 cases).Both QUS and DEXA were highly correlated with BMD in patients measured (P ＞ 0.05).The duration of glucocorticoid treatment and daily dosage of glucocorticoid in 3 abnormal BMD groups were all significantly longer and larger than those of the normal BMD group (all P ＜ 0.05).Correlation analysis showed that BMI was positively correlated with the bone mass of the tibia(r =0.395 ,P ＜ 0.01).The duration of glucocorticoid treatment and daily dosage of glucocorticoid were negatively correlated with those of radius BMD(r =-0.474,-0.381 ,all P ＜ 0.01).Analysis showed that both the duration of glucocorticoid,and the daily dosage of glucocorticoid were the risk factors for GIOP.Conclusions QUS is a better method for evaluating of BMD and diagnosing of GIOP compared with DEXA in children.The daily dosage of glucocorticoid and the duration of glucocorticoid treatment are both the risk factors for GIOP.

Objective To investigate the detection rate and possible factors of hyperhomocysteinemia(HHcy) in children with chronic kidney disease(CKD).Methods The clinical data of children with CKD between July 2012 and September 2016 in the Department of Pediatrics,Peking University First Hospital were retrospectively collected.The homocysteine(Hcy) level of patients were measured.The other data included the general information,diagnosis and laboratory test results.Results Seventy-six pediatric patients with CKD were enrolled including 49 boys and 27 girls.The average age of the patients was (9.9±3.4) years old.The main cause of the patients in the study was primary glomerulopathy(48.7%,37/76 cases),and the rest were congenital and inherited glomerular diseases(36.8%,28/76 cases),secondary glomerular diseases(9.2%,7/76 cases)and renal tubular diseases(5.3%,4/76 cases).Fifty patients (65.8%,50/76 cases) had normal level of Hcy which was 10.40(7.30,11.62) μmol/L.Twenty-six patients(34.2%,26/76) were detected with HHcy whose Hcy level was 17.93(16.76,24.11) μmol/L.The detection rate of HHcy in CKD stage 1,stage 2,stage 3,stage 4 and stage 5 was 13.9%(5/36 cases),22.2%(2/9 cases),50.0%(4/8 cases),57.1%(4/7 cases) and 68.8%(11/16 cases) respectively,and the detection rate increased with CKD stages and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=17.574,P<0.001).The level of Hcy was 10.05(7.04,12.47) μmol/L,11.75(10.78,16.44) μmol/L,13.73(10.09,18.23) μmol/L,15.81(11.12,20.71) μmol/L and 17.39(11.86,24.76) μmol/L in CKD stage 1,stage 2,stage 3,stage 4 and stage 5,respectively.The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that the distribution of homocysteine in CKD stages had statistically significant difference(P=0.001).Multiple linear regression model showed that creatinine clearance was an independent predicator of HHcy.Conclusions In this study of the CKD patients,the detection rate of HHcy was high and increased with the progression of CKD.HHcy is mainly influenced by creatinine clearance in CKD.The level of Hcy should be monitored regularly in children with CKD and HHcy should be treated with proper measures.

The formulation for sustained release tablet of Epinedium component was selected and the evaluation equation of in vitro release was established. The liquidity of component was improved with the help of colloidal silica aided by spray drying, which would be the main drug in the sustained release tablets. Dissolution was selected as an evaluation index to investigate skeletal material type, fillers, impact porogen, lubricants and other materials on the quality of sustained release tablet. The sustained release tablets were prepared by dry compression. Formulation of sustained release preparations was main drug 35%, HPMC K(4M) 20% and HPMC K(15M) 10% as skeleton material, MCC 31% as filler, PEG6000 2% as porogen and magnesium stearate 2% as lubricant. The sustained release tablets released up to 80% in 8 h. The zero order equation, primary equation and Higuchi equation could simulate the release characteristics of sustained release tablets in vitro, the correlation coefficients r were larger than 0.96. The primary equation was most similar in vitro release characteristics and its correlation coefficient r was 0.9950. The preparation method is simple and the results of formulation selection are reliable. It can be used to guide the production of Epimedium component sustained release preparations.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Epimedium ; chemistry ; Kinetics ; Tablets ; chemistry