Student evaluation is an important part of the teaching process.The Children's Hos-pital of Chongqing Medical University focused on the characteristics of individual child's growth and overall development according to the own condition and integrated formative assessment and summa-tive evaluation in the classroom teaching and clinical internship process. All the measures mentioned above not only help promote students' learning interests,master of knowledge and clinical skills but also exert positive effect on the improvement of teaching level.

A rapid, sensitive and convenient LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in human plasma. d2-γ-Aminobutyric acid (d2-GABA) was synthesized as internal standard (IS). After extraction from human plasma by protein precipitation with acetonitrile, all analytes were separated on a Luna HILIC column (100 mm x 3.0 mm, 3 μm) using an isocratic mobile phase of water: acetonitrile: formic acid (20 : 80 : 0.12) with a flow rate of 0.5 mL x min(-1). Acquisition of mass spectrometric data was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) in positive electrospray ionization using the transitions of m/z 104 --> 69 for GABA and m/z 106 --> 71 for d2-GABA. The method was linear in the concentration range of 5.00 to 1 000 ng x mL(-1). The intra- and inter-day precisions were within 9.9%, and accuracy ranged from 99.1% to 104%, within the acceptable limit across all concentrations. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of GABA tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Chromatography, Liquid ; Humans ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; blood

ObjectiveTo summarize the results of stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) with or without whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) in the treatment of multiple brain metastasis.MethodsFrom May 1995 to April 2010,totally 98 newly diagnosed multiple (2 - 13 lesions) brain metastases patients were treated in our centre.Forty-four patients were treated with SRT alone and 54 with SRT + WBRT.Dose fractionation schemes were 15 -26 Gy in 1 fraction or 24.0 -52.5 Gy in 2 - 15 fractions with 3.5 - 12.0 Gy per fraction,depending on the tumor volume,location,and history of prior irradiation.Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used for survival analysis.The median age of the whole group was 55 years.The survival time was calculated from the date of radiation treatment to the day of death by any cause.ResultsThe median follow-up time for the whole group was 12 months,and the follow-up rate was 100％.The median overall survival time was 13.5 months for the whole group,there was no difference between SRT alone group and SRT + WBRT group ( 13.0 months vs.13.5 months,χ2 =0.31,P =0.578 ).The Karnofsky Performance Score ( KPS) at the time of treatment ( χ2 =6.25,P =0.012 ),the interval between the diagnosis of the primary tumor and brain metastases ( χ2 =7.34,P =0.025 ) and the status of extracranial metastases ( χ2 =4.20,P =0.040) were independent prognosis factors for survival in multivariate analyses.ConclusionsStereotactic radiation therapy is an effective and alternative treatment choice for multiple brain metastases.

Objective To investigate the ultrasonographic manifestation of renal oncocytoma. Methods The sonographic appearances of 12 patients with pathologically confirmed RO were retrospectively reviewed, and the size, margin, configuration, echogenicity and blood flow distribution of the lesions were analyzed. Results All of the 12 RO were detected and located correctly, among which 3 cases were misdiagnosed as renal cell carcinoma and 9 cases were not qualitatively diagnosed with ultrasound. The lesions manifested as central stellate scar in 8.33%, homogeneous enchogenicity in 66.67%, well-defined in 75.00%, regular-shape in 91.67% and isoechoic in 58.33%. Among these lesions, 6 (50.00%) were hypervascular with spoke-wheel distribution, 5 (41.67%) were hypovascular, and 1 (8.33%) was avascular, while peripheral blood flow were seen in 7 lesions (66.67%). Conclusion The diagnostic ability of ultrasound for RO is limited, but a homogeneous, well-defined solid lesion with spoke-wheel distribution of blood flow, especially with a stellate scar may suggest RO.

Objective To evaluate the safety of coronary intervention using iodixanol in patients with diabetic renal insufficiency.Methods Clinical data of 97 patients with diabetic renal insufficiency undergoing coronary intervention during June 2004 to June 2006 were retrospectively analyzed,50 of them with iodixanol,an iso-osmolar contrast medium (iodixanol group),and 47 with iopromide,a hypotanic contrast medium (iopromide group).Judkin's coronary angiography showed 167 diseased vessels in the patients,65 in anterior descending branches,44 in circumflex branches,and 58 in right coronary arteries. Levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were determined before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI),on the day of the procedure,the 3rd and 7th days after PCI,respectively,as well as radiocontrast media-induced nephropathy (CIN) was observed.Results Totally,192 drug-eluting stents were successfully implanted in 167 diseased vessels,and all patients' angina pectoris symptom disappeared soon after the procedure,with a full success.No acute or subacute stent thrombosis and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) occurred.Two patients (4%) in iodixanol group and 10 (21%) in iopromide group got CIN,with a statistical significance (P

BACKGROUND: A few devices have been reported to be used for studies on trauma, but these devices are unavailable for establishing the animal models of trauma because of their limited application range. OBJECTIVE: To develop a multifunctional impact system and evaluate its application effect, thus paying ways for establishing the animal models of trauma and basic experiments.METHODS: The multifunctional impact system was designed based on the theory of energy storage device, simple multifunctional impact device and impact parameter measuring equipment, and its effectiveness and stability were detected. The rat chest and different visceral organs were subjected to the closed impact experiment using a 5 cm2 impact at the predetermined parameter of 200, 300, 400, 500 kPa, respectively. Afterwards, the rats were sacrificed for morphological observation.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The multifunctional impactor was successfully developed, of which the maximum impact stress could be adjusted from 0 to 200 kg and compressive and extrusion stress also could be continuously adjusted from 0 to 100 kg. The experimental results showed that the impactor made certain damage to the rat lung, liver and spleen suggesting its favorable effectiveness (P < 0.05) and repeatability (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that the impactor is easy to operate in various ways and holds good effectiveness and stability, and its impact parameters can be detected in real time. Therefore, the impactor is suitable for both establishing the animal model of trauma and basic experiments.

Objective To investigate the effects of high flow hemodialysis (HFHD) on cardiac function in uremia patients. Methods A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted. Sixty patients who were diagnosed with uremia, taken maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) and 30 healthy controls admitted to the Second People's Hospital of Guiyang from December 2014 to June 2015 were enrolled. They were randomly divided into two groups:HFHD group (HFHD three times a week) and the routine hemodialysis group (HD group, HD three times a week), with 30 in each group. Patients in each group were received hemoperfusion and hemofiltration once a month. Before the treatment and 6 months after the treatment, venous blood from all the patients were collected for testing the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and the ultrasound cardiograph were done at the same period by a special person, the left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), interventricular septum thickness (IVST), early and late diastolic blood flow to the largest ratio (E/A), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were recorded. Results Compared with the health control group, BNP, cTnT, LVEDD, LVESD, LVESV, LVPWT, IVST were significantly increased, LVEDV were significantly lowered before treatment in the HD group and HFHD group. But no significant differences in the above indexes and E/A, LVEF, LVMI between two groups were found. Compared with the data before treatment, the BNP, LVPWT were significantly lowered after treatment in HD group [BNP (ng/L): 641.50±60.09 vs. 2676.20±454.30, LVPWT (mm): 10.57±1.16 vs. 12.57±1.41, both P < 0.05]. The BNP, LVPWT were significantly lowered in HFHD group as compared with HD group [BNP (ng/L): 253.10±48.77 vs. 641.50±60.09, LVPWT (mm): 9.29±1.08 vs. 10.57±1.16, both P < 0.05]; in addition, the cTnT, IVST, LVMI were significantly lowered after the treatment in HFHD group compared with those before treatment [cTnT (μg/L): 0.014±0.005 vs. 0.028±0.011, IVST (mm): 7.81±1.69 vs. 11.04±2.23, LVMI (g/m2): 149.10±15.77 vs. 158.70±17.25, all P < 0.05], and the LVEF were significantly increased in HFHD group as compared with those before treatment (0.574±0.068 vs. 0.528±0.082, P < 0.05). Conclusion HFHD has obvious advantages than the routine HD in improving cardiac function of uremia patients.

Objective:To understand the current situation of the demand for humanistic care of schizophrenics in convalescence and analyze the influencing factors, so as to provide the basis for clinical nurses to carry out targeted humanistic care for patients.Methods:A self-produced scale with a total score of 49-245 was used to investigate 516 convalescent period schizophrenic patients in 18 tertiary mental health institutions in 13 provinces of China, single factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed on their influencing factors.Results:The Likert 5-point scoring method was used. The overall score of the nursing care needs of hospitalized schizophrenic patients was (202.85±35.06) points, and the average score of total items were (4.14±0.16) points. Multiple linear regression results showed female ( B=0.100, P=0.024), stable marriage ( B=-0.098, P=0.026),high school (including secondary school) Education ( B=-0.107, P=0.018), family per capita monthly income of 2 000 yuan or above ( B=0.093, P=0.043),central region ( B=-0.110, P=0.014) were the main factors that affect the demand for humanistic care of inpatients with schizophrenia in convalescence. Conclusion:The hospitalized schizophrenic patients have higher and diversified needs for humanistic care. Patients with different genders, marital status, education level, monthly family income and living area have different needs for humanistic care. Individualized and standardized nursing should be given according to the actual situation of patients' needs to provide a more supportive environment for their rehabilitation.

Objective To measure total hemoglobin concentration (THC) of breast lesion using US-guided diffused optical tomography(DOT) and to investigate the THC optimal threshold value in different size breast lesions.Methods DOT was performed on 500 breast lesions and surgical pathology was as the gold standard.The optimal diagnostic threshold and the efficacy were figured out.Results There were 265 benign and 235 malignant lesions.In malignant lesions,THC of ≥2 cm lesion group was higher than that of ＜2 cm lesion group(P =0.000).In benign lesions,there was no statistical difference between ≥2 cm group and ＜2 cm group (P =0.13).As for ＜2 cm breast lesions,when a THC threshold value of 146.9 μmol/L and 102.2 μmol/L were used,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy were 74.2％,70.0％,71.7％,62.9％,79.9％ and 86.7％,44.4％,61.6％,51.6％,83％,respectively.As for ≥2 cm breast lesions,when a THC threshold value of 210.4 μmol/L were used,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy were 74.0％,86.7％,79.1％,89.2％,69.2％.Conclusions THC of breast cancer increased with the increasing size of lesions.The different diagnostic threshold value should be used according to different size lesions so as to enhance sensitivity,specificity and accuracy.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of electroencephalograph(EEG)biofeedback on clinical symptoms and cognitive function of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Methods Twenty children aged(10.4?2.2)years old who were diagnosed as ADHD according to American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders the 4th ed received EEG biofeedback treatment.The treatment was administered by Autogenic A620 machine,? wave(4-8 Hz)was suppressed and sensory motor rate wave was strengthened(12-15 Hz)at the same time.The treatment was total 40 times.Before and after treatment,Conner's Behavior Rating Scale-parent questionnaire was administered to assess the clinical symptoms,wechsler memory scale(WMS)to assess the long-term memory,short-term memory and instantaneous memory,number cancellation test and stroop test were used to assess the cognitive process speed and selective attention,and continuous performance test(CPT)was administered to assess the attention and impulsiveness.The children in healthy control group who compared with ADHD children by one to one came from the primary or middle school near the hospital,the age difference between ADHD child and healthy control group was within 6 months.All the measurements were administered to the healthy control group.Results After the EEG biofeedback treatment,the score of behavior factor in Conners Scale decreased significantly(P0.05).Conclusions Forty sessions EEG biofeedback can improve clinical symptoms,attention,memory,selective attention and cognitive process speed of ADHD children significantly,some indicators even become normal.