The health of human, animal and environment is under serious threat from the increasing emerging infectious diseases (EID).Through strengthening the three-level disease prevention network, expanding infectious disease surveillance system and multi-sectoral joint cooperation mechanism, the quick, effective and strong prevention and control system of emerging and imported infectious diseases has been established in Shanghai.Since 2013, through effective control of EIDs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS), influenza A H1N1 and H7N9 avian influenza, as well as imported infectious diseases (IID) such as Ebola virus disease, middle east respirators syndrome(MERS), Zika virus disease and yellow fever, the surveillance and response capacity has been improved significantly, and the prevention and control system has been improved gradually.As an international megalopolis under globalization, Shanghai is faced with the challenges as follows: growing pressure to infectious diseases prevention and control, increasingly serious situation of EIDs and IIDs;prevention and control skills need to be improved and the current personnel cannot meet with the demands.In order to meet the challenges, infectious disease monitoring and early warning technology should be strengthened; the sensitivity of infectious disease surveillance and early-warning capacity should be improved; EID symptom complex monitoring system should be established; personnel training should be strengthened, domestic and international cooperation and exchange should be carried out;so as to safeguard public health security and public health in Shanghai.

Objective To determine the accuracy of prevalence data sets on tobacco use so as to measure the risk of tobacco use and the impact of tobacco control in China.Methods Three published data sets on nation-wide survey were reviewed,and compared.Two principles were applied to determine the accuracy of the data on prevalence: ) The estimated consumption of cigarettes based on the currentprevalence rate on smokers should have been close to the actual cigarette consumption level; ii) change on the annual prevalence of male current smokers should be around 1% in China,since the international experience on the prevalence of current smokers tended to decrease at a rate of around 1% per year in the presence of comprehensive tobacco control strategies.Results The differences between the estimated cigarette consumption and the actual cigarette consumption for the three surveys were 51.07 billion through Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS 2002),62.94 billion through the Chinese Citizen Nutrition & Health Survey (CCNHS 2002),and 217.11 billion through the China Health Service Survey (CHSS 2003).In comparison with the national tobacco use survey in 1996,the prevalence of male current smokers apparently dropped by 0.9% in BRFSS 2002,2.2% in CCNHS 2002 and 2.0% per year in CHSS 2003.Thus,the prevalence of current smokers in BRFSS (2002) was more reliable,comparing to the results from the other two surveys.Conclusion The prevalence of current smokers as determined by the BRFSS should be used to reflect the epidemic of tobacco use when implementing the FCTC in China.However,the reporting prevalence rates of tobacco use were different in the different surveys regarding tobacco use,suggesting that the capacity of surveillance on tobacco control should be strengthened,including the standardization of definitions on 'ever-smoker' and 'current smoker',as well as on standardized questionnaire,sampling strategy and the process of data analysis,quality of field work etc.Precise estimation of prevalence appears to be the key point for understanding how many current smokers so as to develop control policy,including setting up 'quit' clinics and evaluating the impact of tobacco control programs.There is an urgent need to establish a national standardized surveillance system to monitor the tobacco epidemics.

Kidney injury and decreased chemosensitivity of tumor cells are obstacles with cisplatin (CDDP) chemotherapy. Down-regulation of the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) is a key means to alleviate CDDP-induced kidney injury and increase chemosensitivity. Astragaloside IV (AS IV) is obtained from the well-known traditional Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus. This study explored the role of AS IV in preventing kidney injury and enhancing the antitumor effect of CDDP by suppressing OCT2 expression in kidney and MRP2 in tumors. This project was reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Hospital of Jilin University. The effects of AS IV on CDDP inhibition of tumor growth and promotion of apoptosis were assessed in Lewis lung tumor (LLC)-bearing mice by H&E and TUNEL staining. Kidney injury was assessed by serum biochemical parameters and H&E staining. We used Western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays to detect OCT2 and MRP2 expression in kidney and tumor. The concentration of CDDP in kidney and tumor was measured by HPLC-MS/MS. AS IV enhanced CDDP chemosensitivity by increasing tumor cell apoptosis and slowing tumor growth, and decreased kidney injury as evidenced by lower blood creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Co-administration of AS IV suppressed MRP2 overexpression induced by CDDP in tumor tissues and may be an important mechanism for enhancing CDDP chemosensitivity. Moreover, AS IV reduced CDDP-induced kidney injury in mice along with suppression of OCT2 expression in kidney. The concentration of CDDP was increased in tumor but decreased in kidney. In total, AS IV not only enhanced the antitumor effect of CDDP by suppressing MRP2 expression in tumor cells, but also decreased kidney injury induced by CDDP. The results provide new insight into the combined use of a chemotherapy drug and natural ingredients to treat cancer.

OBJECTIVETo determine the extent of secondhand smoke exposure in China, and to explore the potential associated factors.

METHODSThis study was a nationally representative household survey examining secondhand smoke exposure of non-institutionalized men and women aged 15 and older using a global standardized geographically clustered sample design. A total of 13,354 people completed the individual questionnaire with questions on gender, age, educational level, residence, profession, potential factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure, and workplace smoking policy. The data were used to determine whole population estimates of secondhand smoke exposure.

RESULTSAmong non-smokers aged 15 years and older, it was estimated that 72.4% (556 million) were exposed to secondhand smoke, with 52.5% (292 million) exposed to secondhand smoke daily. The prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure was 74.1% for men, 71.6% for women, 70.5% for urban populations, and 74.2% for rural populations. The rates were 67.3%, 63.3%, and 72.7% respectively, within the household, indoor workplaces and public places. Secondhand smoke exposure was significantly reduced in workplaces with a smoking ban but not in workplaces with a partial smoking ban.

CONCLUSIONAlthough China has made some progress toward a smoke-free environment there remains a high degree of exposure to secondhand smoke.

Air Pollution, Indoor ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Exposure ; Population Surveillance ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) in the proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in hypoxia conditions.

METHODSThe following groups in this study were set up: control group, hypoxia group, 50 micromol/L CQ + hypoxia group, 50 micromol/L CQ group. The viability of PASMCs in every group was detected by MTT assay. Autophagic vacuoles in the cells were observed by MDC staining. Protein expression of microtubule associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) was measured by Western blot. Migration of PASMCs was detected by wound healing assay.

RESULTSCompared with control group, no effect on the viability of PASMCs was observed treated by CQ alone. In 1% hypoxia group, cell viability increased significantly compared with that in control group. The number of autophagic vacuoles and the rate of cell migration and also protein expression of LC3-II were also markedly increased. Compared with hypoxia group, addition of CQ increased the number of autophagic vacuoles and the levels of LC3-II protein, but decreased the proliferation and migration of PASMCs.

CONCLUSIONHypoxia could activates autophagy and contributes to proliferation and migration of PASMCs, and autophagy inhibitor CQ could decrease the effect of hypoxia on PASMCs through inhibiting autophagy process.

Autophagy ; drug effects ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cell Movement ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Chloroquine ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; drug effects ; Pulmonary Artery ; cytology

Objective To investigate the effects of Erhuang Quzhi Granules combined with Silibinin Capsules on fatty liver index,inflammatory factors and autophagy-related gene levels in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods A total of 126 patients with NAFLD of phlegm blended with blood stasis type were randomly divided into control group and observation group,with 63 cases in each group.The control group was treated with oral use of Silibinin Capsules,and the observation group was treated with oral use of Erhuang Quzhi Granules on the basis of treatment for the control group.The course of treatment lasted for 3 months.Before and after treatment,the two groups were observed in the changes of fatty liver index,and the levels of inflammatory factors of interleukin 6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),liver function and blood lipid indicators of alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(GGT),total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),and autophagy-related genes of autophagy-related gene 7(ATG7)and myosin-like BCL2 binding protein(Beclin 1).After treatment,the clinical efficacy and safety of the two groups were evaluated.Results(1)After 3 months of treatment,the total effective rate of the observation group was 90.48％(57/63),and that of the control group was 71.43％(45/63).The intergroup comparison(tested by chi-square test)showed that the efficacy of the observation group was significantly superior to that of the control group(P＜0.01).(2)After treatment,the fatty liver index of the two groups was significantly decreased compared with that before treatment(P＜0.05),and the decrease of fatty liver index in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.01).(3)After treatment,the serum levels of inflammatory factors of IL-6 and TNF-α in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the decrease of serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.05).(4)AAfter treatment,the serum levels of liver function indicators of ALT,AST and GGT in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the decrease of serum ALT,AST and GGT levels in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.05).(5)After treatment,the serum levels of blood lipids of TG,TC and LDL-C in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the serum HDL-C level was significantly higher than that before treatment(P＜0.05).The decrease of serum TG,TC and LDL-C levels and the increase of serum HDL-C level in the observation group were significantly superior to those in the control group(P＜0.05).(6)After treatment,the serum levels of autophagy-related genes of ATG7 and Beclin 1 in the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the increase of serum ATG7 and Beclin 1 levels in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.05).(7)During the medication,no liver or kidney function damage or serious adverse reactions were found in the two groups.Conclusion Erhuang Quzhi Granules combined with Silibinin Capsules are effective for the treatment of NAFLD patients with phlegm blended with blood stasis type,which is helpful to relieve the symptoms of fatty liver,reduce the levels of inflammatory factors,improve liver function and blood lipid levels,and regulate the expression of autophagy-related genes.

OBJECTIVETo determine the level of awareness of the hazards of tobacco smoking and secondhand smoke inhalation among adults in China.

METHODSHousehold surveys were conducted with a total of 13,354 respondents aged 15 years or over from 100 counties of 28 Chinese provinces using a stratified multi-stage geographically clustered sample design.

RESULTSThe findings revealed that 81.8% of the population was aware that smoking causes serious diseases, and 27.2% and 38.7% were aware that smoking causes stroke and heart attack, respectively. Only 64.3% of respondents were aware that secondhand smoke can cause serious diseases, and 27.5%, 51.0%, and 52.6% were aware that secondhand smoke causes heart disease in adults, lung disease in children and lung cancer in adults, respectively. Awareness regarding smoking-related hazards across all participants was significantly associated with several factors, including gender, smoking status, urban/rural residency, education level and exposure to tobacco control publicity in the last 30 days. Awareness regarding tobacco-related hazards in smokers was significantly associated with urban/rural residency, education level, exposure to tobacco control publicity in the last 30 days, and physician's advice. Awareness relating to the hazards of inhaling secondhand smoke was associated with smoking status, urban/rural residency, age, education level, and exposure to tobacco control publicity in the last 30 days. Medical professionals were found to know more about the health hazards of tobacco compared with people in other types of employment.

CONCLUSIONSOverall awareness of the health hazards of tobacco has improved in the last 15 years in China, but is still relatively poor. Improved means of communicating information and more effective warning labels on cigarette packaging are necessary for increasing public awareness of tobacco hazards, particularly among rural residents and people with less education.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Health Surveys ; Heart Diseases ; etiology ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; Middle Aged ; Smoking ; adverse effects ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; adverse effects ; Tobacco Use Disorder ; epidemiology ; Young Adult

Objective: To analyze the effect of acupuncture versus hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Methods: China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database (Wanfang), Chongqing VIP Database (CQVIP), China Biology Medicine Disc (CBM), Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) were searched up to January 31st, 2019 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of acupuncture for POI. The primary outcome was the level of basal serum follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH). Secondary outcomes included serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Two authors extracted data independently and assessed the risk of bias and the methodological quality using the Cochrane's tool. Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan version 5.3. Results: Eight eligible RCTs with a total of 496 POI patients were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that there was a significant reduction in the basal serum FSH level (MD=-5.82, 95％CI:-9.76 to -1.87, I2=82％, P=0.004) and a remarkable elevation in the basal E2 level (SMD=0.93, 95％CI: 0.34 to 1.52, I2=88％, P=0.002) in the acupuncture group when compared with the control. Subgroup analysis showed that compared with HRT, a significant decrease in the FSH level was observed in both acupuncture alone (MD=-4.53, 95％CI:-8.96 to -0.10, I2=73％, P=0.04) and acupuncture plus HRT (MD=-9.60, 95％CI:-17.60 to -1.61, I2=50％, P=0.02), while a remarkable elevation of E2 was only found in acupuncture plus HRT (SMD=1.43, 95％CI: 1.03 to 1.82, I2=0％, P<0.00001). There was no significant difference in the LH level between acupuncture and HRT (MD=-3.16, 95％CI:-9.41 to 3.10, I2=0％, P=0.32), only one trial reported AMH, and no significant difference was found between acupuncture and HRT. Conclusion: The present study indicated that acupuncture had an advantage over HRT in reducing serum FSH level and increasing serum E2 level in women with POI. However, evidence supporting the finding is limited due to the small sample size, potential methodological flaws and significant heterogeneity. Hence, this conclusion still needs to be verified by high-quality RCTs.

OBJECTIVETo assess the implementation of five key tobacco control policies in China: protection from second-hand smoke (SHS); offering help to quit; health warnings regarding tobacco use; the enforcement of bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship; and increasing tobacco taxes and prices.

METHODSUsing 2010 Global Adults Tobacco Survey in China (GATS-China), 10 indicators are used to assess the implementation of five key tobacco control policies of MPOWER in China.

RESULTSOverall, 63.3% and 72.7% of adults noticed people smoking indoor workplaces and public places, respectively. Approximately 60% of smokers were not asked about their smoking habits and approximately 67% were not advised to quit on their visit to a health worker. Sixty percent of adults noticed health warning messages on cigarette packaging and in the media in the last 30 days, 63.6% stated that they would not consider quitting. Twenty percent of respondents noticed tobacco advertising, promotion, and/or sponsorship activities in the 30 days prior to the survey. Among them, 76.3% noticed the direct advertising and 50% noticed from TV programs. Although purchasing price of one pack of cigarettes ranged from 1 to 200 RMB, 50% of current smokers (about 150 million) spent 5 RMB or less on one pack of cigarette. The expenditure on 100 packets of cigarettes represents 2% of 2009 GDP per capita.

CONCLUSIONThe average score for the implementation of the 5 policies of MPOWER in China is 37.3 points, indicating tobacco control policies in China is poor and there is a large gaps from the FCTC requirements.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Male ; Population Surveillance ; Smoking ; Tobacco Use Cessation ; methods ; Tobacco Use Disorder ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo describe the prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation in Chinese adults in 2010.

METHODSA face-to-face questionnaire survey was carried out in 162 surveillance points to collect information on non-communicable diseases related risk factors. Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 98 712 individuals aged 18 and over to be interviewed and 98 526 records were included in the analysis of smoking and smoking cessation. Sample was weighted to represent the population of Chinese adults. Indicators such as current smoking and smoking cessation among different population were calculated.

RESULTSCurrent smoking rate of our sample was 26.4% (26 047/98 526). With complex weighting, current smoking rate in Chinese adults aged 18 and above was 28.3% (95%CI: 27.2% - 29.4%), which is much higher among men (53.3%, 95%CI: 51.4% - 55.2%) than in women (2.5%, 95%CI: 1.9% - 3.0%) (P < 0.05). Most male current smokers (88.3%, 95%CI: 87.3% - 89.3%) smoked every day and average daily manufacture cigarettes consumption of male adults was (17.8 ± 9.3) cigarettes. Only 14.8% (95%CI: 13.8% - 15.8%) of male ever smokers quitted smoking and 10.7% (95%CI: 9.9% - 11.5%) quitted smoking. Only 38.8% (95%CI: 36.9% - 40.8%) of male current smokers intended to quit smoking. For current smokers aged from 18 to 24, proportion of those who intended to quit smoking was highest (50.5%, 95%CI: 46.1% - 54.8%), but proportion of those who quitted smoking (7.1%, 95%CI: 5.2% - 8.9%) was lowest comparing with other age groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONPrevalence of smoking in Chinese adults was high and only a few smokers quit smoking. Prevalence of smoking in Chinese male adults was still high. Fairly low proportion of male current smokers intend to quit smoking and even lower proportion of them quit smoking successfully.

Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Distribution ; Smoking ; epidemiology ; Smoking Cessation ; statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult