ObjectiveTo investigate the rule of changes of the soleus mass and expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms mRNA.Methods40 female Wistar rats were divided randomly into the control group and three spinal cord transection (ST) groups, ST7, ST15, and ST30 with 10 animals in each group. Rats in ST groups were subjected to a complete ST between T8 and T10 levels. The right soleus was dissected and weighed at 7, 15, 30 days after ST, and the expression of MHC mRNA isoforms was measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).ResultsThe Absolute and relative soleus masses in three ST groups were lower significantly than those of control group (P<0.05). The soleus mass in ST15 and ST30 groups were lower than that of ST7 group (P<0.05). The soleus of control group predominantly expressed MHC-I and some MHC-IIa, whereas the soleus began to express MHC-IIx and MHC-IIb after ST, except for MHC-I and MHC-IIa. ST induced consistently down-regulation of MHC-I mRNA and up-regulation of MHC-IIx and MHC-IIa at three time points after ST. The level of MHC-IIb mRNA expression was very low at three time points after ST.ConclusionST can influence the soleus mass at early stage after ST. ST induces a shift toward a faster muscle phenotype from slow to fast MHC isoform. MHC demonstrates plasticity in response to decrease neuromuscular activation.

Objective By analysis oflateralepicondylitis patients MRI features to explore the lateralepicondylitis namedrationality and authorized its opinions for the ninth edition surgery textbook. Methods Cochrane's systematic review methods were used to retrieve the literature about lateralepi-condylitis patients MRI features fromCochrane Library, Medline, OVID, EMBASE, Chinese biomedical literature database (CBM), VIP, CNKI, Wan fang digital journals, and totally 31 articles were reviewed. 13 articles met the inclusion criteria for the lateral epicondyle of humerus elbow in patients with MRI findings. In accordance with the case-control data RevMan 5.0 software was used for Meta analysis withodds ratio (OR) as count data statistics. Interval estimation wasmade of 95% confidence interval (CI). When the datacannot be performed Meta analysis, only qualitative analysis was made. Results 13 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 315 ipsilateralelbows (5 patients with bilateral disease, 305 patients with unilateral disease) and 169 asymptomatic side of the elbow (98 cases of patients with the contralateral elbow, 71 cases of healthy volunteers). The results of Meta analysis suggested that pa-tients and healthy volunteers of elbow MRI showed statistically significance [OR=88.55, 95%CI=(29.20, 268.57)]. Between ipsilateral elbow and contra lateral of elbow MRI showed statistically significance [OR=80.17, 95%CI=(21.53, 298.59)]. MRI analysis showed that in addition to signs of extensor tendon injury, the elbow was also widely associated with other changes, such as radial collateral ligament in-jury, bone marrow edema, joint effusion, tendon tear, and elbows muscle edema. Conclusion Through MRI findings,the maln pathological changes of the so-called lateralepicondyliti-saremalnly for total ex-tensor tendon and adjacent tissue of chronic injury, Naming the current external humeral epicondylitis is unreasonable. Therefore, periarthritis of lateral epicondyle of humerus seems to be the best appropri-ate term to be usedwhenthe ninth edition surgery textbooksisauthorized.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate therapeutic effect of acupuncture at Sifeng (EX-UE 10) on infantile malnutrition.

METHODSMulticentral, randomized, controlled and single blind test was adopted. 222 infants of malnutrition were divided into an acupuncture group (n=110) and a medicine group (n=112). The acupuncture group were treated with acupuncture at bilateral Sifeng (EX-UE 10), once each week, for 4 times; and the medicine group were treated with oral administration of Yiqi Jianpi Oral Liquid, twice each day, one ample each time, for 4 weeks. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by improvement of symptoms and signs in the syndrome cumulative score scale, and changes of serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), pre-albumin (PA), hemoglobin and red-cell count.

RESULTSTwo hundred and twenty-two cases were enrolled in the 4 centers and 212 cases completed the test. The acupuncture group in improvement of appetite, body weight, subcutaneous fat thickness of the abdomen, etc. were superior to the medicine group (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in improvement of the body height. There was no significant increase of serum IGF-I level in the two groups, and the acupuncture group in increase of PA was superior to the medicine group (P < 0.05). After treatment, hemoglobin and red-cell count increased significantly in the treatment group (P < 0.01), and hemoglobin increased significantly in the medicine group.

CONCLUSIONAcupuncture at Sifeng (EX-UE 10) has obvious therapeutic effect on infantile malnutrition.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Appetite ; Humans ; Infant Nutrition Disorders ; Single-Blind Method ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo investigate the impact of 1, 25-(OH)2D3 on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in type 2 diabetic rats.

METHODSType 2 diabetic mellitus (DM) model rats were established by intraperitoneally injecting with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 8 weeks, 19 male rats were identified as diabetic with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by ultrasound examination, and randomly assigned into three groups: untreated (DM-LVH, n=7), treated with insulin (DM-LVH+INS, n=6), and treated with 1, 25-(OH)2D3 (DM-LVH+VD, n=6). Healthy male rats were used as the controls group (n=6). The fasting blood glucose and the insulin level were determined weekly. The left ventricular mass index, myocardial collagen content, collagen volume fraction, and 1, 25-(OH)2D3-receptor level were determined by 4 weeks later.

RESULTSIn the DM-LVH model group, the insulin level was significantly decreased compared with the non-diabetic control group (P<0.05), whereas the blood glucose, left ventricular mass index, myocardial collagen content, collagen volume fraction, and 1, 25-(OH)2D3-receptor expression were significantly increased (all P<0.05). In the DM-LVH+INS and DM-LVH+VD groups, the insulin levels were significantly increased compared with the DM-LVH model group (P<0.05), whereas the other parameters were significantly decreased (all P<0.05).

CONCLUSION1, 25-(OH)2D3 could reverse LVH in diabetic rats and that the mechanism may involve stimulating insulin secretion and reducing blood glucose via direct up-regulation of 1, 25-(OH)2D3-receptor expression.

Animals ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Calcitriol ; therapeutic use ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; blood ; complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; complications ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; prevention & control ; Insulin ; blood ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Calcitriol ; analysis ; Streptozocin

OBJECTIVETo explore the role and mechanism of oxidative inflammatory cascade in pancreatic fibrosis progression of chronic pancreatitis (CP) in mice induced by dibutyltin dichloride (DBTC) plus ethanol.

METHODSThirty-six KM mice were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 18): control group and model group (DBTC combined with ethanol). The mice in model group were intravenously injected with DBTC (8 mg/kg) in tail vein and drink 10% ethanol. After modeling 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks, the mice were anesthetized and sacrificed, the pathological changes and the degree of fibrosis in the pancreas were observed by HE and Masson staining, the F4/80 expression level were detected by immunohistochemistry, the content of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde(MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in the pancreatic homogenates.

RESULTSThe fibroblasts and macrophages (f4/80 positive staining) could be seen obviously in pancreas of model group at 2 weeks. At 4 weeks and 8 weeks, macrophages infiltration increased and pancreatic tissue was substituted by the proliferation of fibrosis significantly. At every time-point, in pancreatic homogenates SOD was decreased, MDA and MPO markedly increased. There was significant differences between two groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONDBTC injection joint ethanol drinking can successfully establish the model of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic fibrosis in mice. Oxidative inflammatory cascade plays an important role in the progression of pancreatic fibrosis.

Animals ; Disease Progression ; Ethanol ; adverse effects ; Fibrosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Mice ; Organotin Compounds ; adverse effects ; Oxidative Stress ; Pancreas ; pathology ; Pancreatitis, Chronic ; chemically induced ; physiopathology ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the epidemiology of bacterial infections after liver transplantation and anaIyze the antimi- crobial susceptibility of major pathogens to provide reference for clinical therapy.Methods A retrospective survey was conduc ted in 174 patients who underwent liver transplantation during 2001 and 2004.Identification and susceptibility of pathogens were assayed by Microscan Walkaway 40 Automatic System.Results Infection was identified in 59.8% of the 174 patients after liver transplantation.A total of 218 non-duplicate strains were isolated.Most infections were caused by single pathogen.The infection was frequently identified in respiratory tract,biliary tract,blood stream or intra-abdominal cavity.The top 5 patho- gens were Acinetobacter baumannii,Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Escherichia coli.Gram-negative bacilli were usually resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents,but less resistant to piperacillin- tazobactam or imipenem.Most of S.aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant,which were susceptible to vancomyein.Conclu- sions Pathogens of postoperative infections in liver transplantation recipients are mostly multi-drug resistant.The microbiologi- cal surveillance is important for guiding clinical therapy.

Objective To investigate the impact of 1, 25-(OH)2D3 on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods Type 2 diabetic mellitus (DM) model rats were established by intraperitoneally injecting with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 8 weeks, 19 male rats were identified as diabetic with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by ultrasound examination, and randomly assigned into three groups:untreated (DM-LVH, n=7), treated with insulin (DM-LVH+INS, n=6), and treated with 1, 25-(OH)2D3 (DM-LVH+VD, n=6). Healthy male rats were used as the controls group (n=6). The fasting blood glucose and the insulin level were determined weekly. The left ventricular mass index, myocardial collagen content, collagen volume fraction, and 1, 25-(OH)2D3-receptor level were determined by 4 weeks later.
Results In the DM-LVH model group, the insulin level was significantly decreased compared with the non-diabetic control group (P<0.05), whereas the blood glucose, left ventricular mass index, myocardial collagen content, collagen volume fraction, and 1, 25-(OH)2D3-receptor expression were significantly increased (all P<0.05). In the DM-LVH+INS and DM-LVH+VD groups, the insulin levels were significantly increased compared with the DM-LVH model group (P<0.05), whereas the other parameters were significantly decreased (all P<0.05).
Conclusion 1, 25-(OH)2D3 could reverse LVH in diabetic rats and that the mechanism may involve stimulating insulin secretion and reducing blood glucose via direct up-regulation of 1, 25-(OH)2D3-receptor expression.

Objective To compare the MSCT findings of malignant focal pulmonary ground-glass opacity nodules (fGGO) and solid nodules of 3 cm or less, and try to find specific signs in fGGO. Methods Clinical data (sex ratio, age), size of lesion and MSCT findings (shape, margin, interface, internal characteristics, adjacent structure) of 105 cases pathologically confirmed to have solid lung cancers and 48 cases with fGGO less than 3 cm were retrospectively analyzed. Differences were analyzed by using the Fisher exact test or Mann-Whitney U test. Results The male and female ratio of solid lung cancer(60:45) were higher than that of fGGO (18:30, X~2 value 5.09, P<0.05). But no differences were found in age and size of lesion (P value 0.200,0.673). For solid lung cancer, the incidence of round shape (n=101), irregular (n=4), speculation (n=60), vacuole sign (n=12) and air bronchograms (n=0) were significantly different from those of fGGO (38, 10, 19,25 and 7, respectively), and the corresponding (X~2 values were 11.48,4.07,29.70 and 22.38 respectively, P<0.05). No differences were found in lobulation, cusp angle, spine-like process, well-defined, coarse, ill-defined interface, honey-combing, pleural indentation sign and blood vessel cluster sign (there are 85,0,33,5,100,0,0,59,35 cases for solid cancer, and 42,1,15,3,45,0,2,32,16 for fGGO (X~2 values 1.00,2.20, 0.00,0.15, 4.43,1.50, 0.00, P>0.05). Conclusions Malignant fGGO and solid lung cancer manifest mostly similar MSCT features. The frequency of irregular shape, vacuole sign and air bronchograms was higher in fGGO than in solid lung cancer to some degree, but speculation is more infrequent in fGGO, which may be attribute to thepathological type and basis of tumor.

Objective To investigate the characteristic and its clinical value of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and its receptor, interleukin (IL)-1β and its receptor in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and to determine the role of them in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis. Methods The concentrations of TNF-α,soluble TNF receptor (sTNF-R) Ⅰ, IL-1β and IL-1 receptor were measured using sandwish ABC-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method in serum and BALF of 46 patients with active tuberculosis and 21 patients with inactive tuberculosis, and in the serum of 20 cases of healthy control. Meanwhile the above-mentioned cytokine levels in serum and BALF of 19 patients with active tuberculosis were followed up. Differences between groups were assessed for significance by t test. Results The TNF-α,sTNF-R Ⅰ, IL-1β and IL-1 receptor levels and TNF-α/sTNF-R Ⅰ ratios in BALF of active tuberculosis group were (286.2±96.3) pg/L,(2 431.5±1 124.6) pg/L,(58.6±3.2) pg/L,(162.4±17.1) pg/L and 0.06±0.01, respectively, which were all significantly higher than those with inactive tuberculosis group (t=3.36,3.25,2.95,2.27 and 3.12 respectively; P<0.05). The TNF-α,sTNF-R Ⅰ,IL-1β and IL-1 receptor levels and TNF-α/sTNF-R Ⅰ ratios in BALF of cavernous tuberculosis group were (381.4±106.4) pg/L,(2 824.7±1 318.5) pg/L,(66.4±4.6) pg/L,(176.4±18.7) pg/L and 0.07±0.01, respectively,which were all significantly higher than those of non-cavernous tuberculosis group (t= 3.46,2.37, 3.19, 2.99 and 3.22, respectively; P<0.05). After 2-month' antituberculosis treatments, among 19 cases, the TNF-α,sTNF-R Ⅰ,IL-1β and IL-1 receptor levels and TNF-α/sTNF-R Ⅰ ratios in BALF of 16 cases were significantly lower than those at the beginning of treatments (t= 3.26,3.17, 3.28, 2.92 and 3.12 respectively; P<0.01). Meanwhile, their clinical symptoms improved, sputum smear negative, lesions on chest X-ray resolved and the cavity shrinked or closed. Conclusions TNF-α, sTNF-R Ⅰ, IL-1β and IL-1 receptor are likely to be involved in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis. Detection of TNF-α, sTNF-R Ⅰ, IL-1β and IL-1 receptor levels in the serum and BALF is helpful to understand the activity of disease, determine the clinical pattern of disease,assess the prognosis of disease and monitor the therapeutic effect in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS). After over 26 years of efforts, there is still not a therapeutic cure or an effective vaccine against HIV/AIDS. The clinical management of HIV-1 infected people largely relies on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has provided an effective way to treat AIDS patients, the huge burden of ART in developing countries, together with the increasing incidence of drug resistant viruses among treated people, calls for continuous efforts for the development of anti-HIV-1 drugs. Currently, four classes of over 30 licensed antiretrovirals (ARVs) and combination regimens of these ARVs are in use clinically including: reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) (e.g. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, NRTIs; and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase inhibitors and entry inhibitors (e.g. fusion inhibitors and CCR5 antagonists). Here, we intend to provide updated information of currently available antiretroviral drugs for ART to promote the development of novel anti-HIV-1 drugs.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; drug therapy ; Anti-HIV Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; HIV Fusion Inhibitors ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; HIV Infections ; drug therapy ; HIV Integrase Inhibitors ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; HIV Protease Inhibitors ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; HIV-1 ; drug effects ; Humans ; Molecular Structure ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use