Objective To explore the effects of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) on cell multiplication and apoptosis at exposure coverage and marginal zone and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptosis of subcutaneous neurogliocytoma in nude mice. Methods Eighteen nude mice bearing subcutaneous human neurogliocytoma were consecutively ablated in 20s by an extracorporeal HIFU with 9.7MHz transducer (the focal length of 4.5mm and focal intensity 2500W/cm2). The 18 nude mice were randomly di?vided into 7 d group,14 d group and 30 d group according to sacrifice date. Immunohistochemical method, TdT-mediat?ed dUTP nick end labeling method were used to examine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and prolifer?ating cell nuclear antigen and apoptosis at exposure coverage, marginal zone and normal zone, respectively. Results The expression of VEGF and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were evident at exposure coverage, marginal zone and normal zone in 7, 14 and 30 days after ablation. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptosis were absent at exposure coverage in 7,14 and 30 days after ablation. The percentage of VEGF expression was lower in marginal zone than in normal zone (23.79%± 3.11% vs. 46.16%± 2.43%) in 7 d after ablation (F=110.03,P<0.05). The percentage of VEGF expression was also lower (10.94%±3.95%) in exposure coverage than in normal zone (46.16%±2.43%) in 7 d af?ter ablation (F=272.80,P<0.05). The percentage of VEGF expression was lower in marginal zone than in normal zone (17.17%±2.89%vs. 43.47%±3.77%) in 14 d after ablation (F=152.05,P<0.05). The percentage of VEGF expression was lower in marginal zone than in normal zone (9.27%± 2.08%vs. 44.58%± 3.34%) in 30 d after ablation (F=274.1,P<0.05 2). The proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index(PCNA LI) was lower in marginal zone than in normal zone ((33.04%±4.31%vs. 65.15%±3.85%) in 7 d after ablation (F=242.46, P<0.05). The PCNA LI was lower in marginal zone than in normal zone (21.05%± 1.96%vs. 62.99%± 3.34%) in 14 d after ablation (F=413.52, P<0.05). The PCNA LI was lower in marginal zone than in normal zone (6.36%± 0.51% vs. 62.07%± 18.07%) in 30 d after ablation, (F=729.59, P<0.05) .The apoptotic index (AI) was higher in marginal zone than in normal zone (26.10%±4.54%vs. 1.43%±0.35%) in 7 d after ablation, (F=216.22, P<0.05). The apoptotic index(AI) was higher in marginal zone than in normal zone (65.70%± 1.14% vs. 1.82%± 0.31%) in 14d after ablation (F=1448.64, P<0.05). The apoptotic index (AI) was higher in marginal zone than in normal zone (82.02%± 3.98% vs. 2.52%± 0.29%) in 30d after ablation (F=2244.33, P<0.05). Conclusion The present study demonstrates that an extracorporeal HIFU with 9.7MHz transducer (the focal length of 4.5mm and fo?cal intensity 2500W/cm2) can completely ablate neurogliocytoma at exposure coverage and inhibit the proliferation of neurogliocytoma at marginal zone. Thus, HIFU may be a new and selective treatment for neurogliocytoma.

Objective To determine the incidence, clinical manifestation and risk factors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes (IRIS) in highly active antirctroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV/AIDS patients. Methods Two hundred and twelve HIV/AIDS patients received HAART, and were followed up for 6 months. The incidence time and disease spectrum of IRIS were observed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for IRIS. Results Among 212 patients, there were 59 (27.8%) experienced an IRIS event during the first 6 months of HAART, 2 of which died (2/59,3.39% ). Median time of IRIS onset was 21 days form HAART initiation. The disease spectrum included tuberculosis, herpes virus infections, pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis and penicillium marneffei infection. Risk factors of IRIS included baseline infections ( OR = 1. 655, P =0.010),fever during HAART ( OR = 2. 344, P= 0.006), and baseline CD4 + count ( OR = 1. 556, P = 0. 034).Conclusions IRIS usually occurred within the first month from HAART initiation, and tuberculosis and herpes virus infection are most common. The occurrence of IRIS is associated with the antigens burden and the decreased baseline CD4 + count.

HIV and AIDS remain as the crucial global health concern, therefore, research and development of novel anti-HIV-1 chemical therapeutics is still of paramount significance, which may be illuminated by cases of successful marketed drugs. Herein, we document the discovery and biological profile of new anti-HIV-1 drugs approved by FDA between 2005 and 2008 and some drug candidates are also discussed.

Objective To investigate the effect of flavopiridol on the proliferation,invasiveness and apoptosis of human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP,and to explore the possibility of its application in clinical treatment.Methods MTT assay was used to detect cell proliferation,cell invasion in vitro was detected by Transwell assay,and flow cytometer was used to observe apoptosis.Results Flavopiridol inhibited the growth of LNCaP cells in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent way (P ＜ 0.05),and reduced the ability of invasion capacity.After treated by 10 nmol/L flavopiridol for 24 h,the apoptosis rate was increased significantly to (7.5±0.9) ％ compared with the control group [(5.3±0.5) ％] (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Flavopiridol can inhibit proliferation of LNCaP cells and induce apoptosis,which may be applicable for the treatment of prostate cancer.

AIM:To investigate the differences among Lenstar 900, A-scan ultrasound and keratometer in measurement of axial length ( AL ) , anterior chamber depth ( ACD ) and corneal curvature ( K1 , K2 , Km ) , and evaluate the consistency of the instruments, with the purpose providing references for the clinical application of Lenstar 900.
METHODS: In this study we picked up 36 patients ( 50 eyes ) underwent cataract surgery, and lens nucleus hardness were under level IV. Before the operation, AL, ACD and K1 , K2 , Km were measured by Lenstar 900, A-scan ultrasound and keratometer respectively. The differences between the results were compared by the paired t-test. The correlation of the results was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis, and the consistency was measured by Bland-Ahamn method.
RESULTS: The mean AL and ACD values measured by Lenstar 900 and A-scan ultrasound had no significantly statistic differences (P>0. 05). The K1, K2, Km measured by Lenstar 900 and keratometer were not significantly statistical different (P>0. 05). The results measured by these three instruments had close linearity correlation ( r>0.9, P<0. 01). The consistency of the results was well in Bland-Ahamn analysis.
CONCLUSION:The preoperatively biometric result of Lenstar 900, A - scan ultrasound and keratometer in patients with cataract are all reliable, and they can be substituted by each other. However, Lenstar 900 can not only measure AL, ACD and corneal curvature at the same time, but also cornal thickness, lens thickness, white to white, pupil size, optical axis eccentricity, retinal thickness and so on. It has a number of advantages such as non-touching, convenient and efficient, and can be recommended to use widely.

Objective To study the relationship between lymph node micrometastasis in early gastric cancer and clinicopathology of tumor,and explore an appropriate operative procedure.Methods A total of 1 004 lymph nodes from 50 patients with early gastric cancer(EGC)were sliced and restained with H.E and immunohistochemical technique,respectively.Immunohistochemical staining was performed by the streptavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method with cytokeratin-specific monoclonal antibody CAM5.2.The relationship between lymph node micrometastasis and clinicopathological characteristics of primary tumors and prognosis of EGC was analysed.Results The incidence of nodal micro-involvement was significantly increased in diffuse type cancerous lesions(n=11,32.35%)as compared with intestinal type cancerous lesions(n=1,6.25%)(P

Objective To investigate the apoptosis of T lymphocytes,the expression of Bcl-2, Fas on the peripheral blood T lymphocytes in end stage renal disease patients;and to explore the characteristics of Th1 /Th2 profile and the influence of dialysis membranes with different permeability on the apoptosis of T lymphocytes of maintenance hemodialysis patients.Methods The study included 10 non-dialyszed (ND)patients,45 maintenance hemodialysis patients with cellulose acetate (CA) membranes(13),low-flux polusulfone(PS-LF) membranes(16),high-flux polusulfone (PS-HF) membranes (16) and 8 healthy volunteers (C).The apoptosis of T lymphocytes,expression of Bcl-2,Fas on peripheral blood T lymphocytes cultured with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation for 24 hours were measured by flow cytometry and immunohistochemical.ELISA was performed for detecting the levels of IFN-?and IL-4 in culture supematants.Results In ESRD patients,the apoptosis of T lymphocytes was greater than that of group C.Group CA was greater than group PS-HF and group PS-LF (P＜0.05).The expression of Bcl-2 on T lymphocytes in ESRD patients was lower than that of group C (P＜0.05).There was negative correlation between the T lymphocytes apoptosis and Bcl-2. The expression of Fas on T lymphocytes in ESRD patients was greater than that of group C (P＜0.05), and it was positive correlated with T lymphocytes apoptosis.The level of IFN-?of ESRD patients was decreased significantly compared with that in group C (P＜0.05),and there was negative correlation between T lymphocytes apoptosis and IFN-?.IL-4 was increased in ESRD patients (P＜0.05) and it was positive correlated with T lymphocytes apoptosis.Conclusions The accelerated apoptosis of T lymphocytes in ESRD patients may be related to the expression of Bcl-2 and Fas of T lymphocytes.ESRD patients show a suppressed secretion of IFN-?and an increased secretion of IL-4. T lymphocytes apoptosis of maintenance hemodialysis patients is influenced not only by the biocompatibility but also by the permeability of the dialysis membrane.

Background Auditing of surgical outcome is controversial due to lack of standard auditing system. POSSUM (Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Morbidity and mortality)system provides a risk adjusted auditing in surgical practice, which is a reliable scoring system. However it has not been generalized in China, especially in gastric surgery. Present study evaluates the application of POSSUM system to compare surgical outcome of malignant gastric disease between specialized unit and general unit. Methods Retrospective study was performed on 394 patients who underwent surgical intervention for gastric cancer and malignant gastric lymphoma. POSSUM data were collected according to standard criteria described by its original authors. Exponential analysis method was used for data analysis. Observed to Expected morbidity (O:E) ratio was calculated for each unit to give risk adjusted comparison. All the complications were categorized into minor to severe to give an objective view of complications. Results There was significant difference in surgical outcome between specialized unit and general unit. POSSUM predicted morbidity well and O: E ratio of specialized unit was better than general unit. Further more postop stay wassignificantly shorter(P ＜0.001 ) in specialized unit and number of moderate and severe morbidity was significantly lower (P＜0.001) than general unit. Conclusions Surgical outcome of specialized unit was better than general unit. POSSUM can be used for risk adjusted auditing of postop complications in malignant gastric disease, which provides a reliable audit. However morbidity definition in POSSUM should be amended and modification in POSSUM formula may be necessary to fit major surgical interventions like gastric cancer surgery.

Background and purpose: Arginase-1 (Arg-1) is an enzyme involved in the urea cycle. Research has shown that changed expression of Arg-1 plays an important role in the cellular metabolism and growth. The purpose of this research was to investigate the expression of Arg-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to analyze its correlation with clinicopathological features. Methods: The expression of Arg-1 protein and mRNA in 31 samples of HCC, paracancerous liver tissues and 12 samples of normal liver was detected by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression profiles of Arg-1 at protein level in 158 samples of HCC and paracancerous liver tissues were detected with high-throughput tissue microarray technique and immunohistochemistry. The relationships between Arg-1 expression and clinicopathological features were also analyzed. Results:The expression of Arg-1 mRNA and protein was signiifcantly decreased in HCC compared with the paracancerous liver tissues and normal liver tissues (F=57.83, 160.89; all P<0.01). The expression of Arg-1 in HCC was related to differentiation degree (F=10.41, 30.03; all P<0.01). And with tumor differentiation decreased, the expression level down-regulated. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Arg-1 protein was mainly located in the cytoplasm and nuclear. The expression rates of Arg-1 were 88%, 98.7%and 100%in HCC, paracancerous tissues and normal liver tissues, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that Arg-1 protein staining rate was signiifcantly lower in tumor tissues than that in paracancerous tissues (χ2=14.7416, P<0.01) and normal liver tissues (χ2=4.1415, P<0.05). The Arg-1 expression was correlated with differentiation degree of HCC, vascular invasion and recurrence after operation (χ2=22.8459, 10.2639, 10.6368 respectively;all P<0.05), but not correlated with age, gender, the hepatitis B virus, the level of serum AFP, liver cirrhosis, diameter of tumor and tumor number. Conclusion:The expression level of Arg-1 is much lower in HCC than that in the paracancerous liver and normal liver. Moreover, Arg-1 expression level is closely related to tumor differentiation degree, metastasis and relapse. These data demonstrate that Arg-1 may play a negative role in the development of HCC.

Objective To investigate the expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) gene and its significance in colorectal adenocarcinoma.Methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blot was used to assess the expression of EZH2 in human colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues,colorectal adenoma tissues and non-cancerous adjacent colorectal tissues.The relationships between EZH2 and each clinical pathology parameter were analyzed.Results The results of immunohistochemical trail showed that the expression rates of EZH2 in colorectal adenocarcinoma,colorectal adenoma and non-cancerous adjacent colorectal tissues were 80.56 ％ (87/108),62.5 ％ (25/40) and 5.00 ％ (2/40),respectively (P ＜ 0.05).Western blot revealed that the expression level of EZH2 in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues,colorectal adenoma tissues and non-cancerous adjacent colorectal tissues level 0.549±0.145,0.283±0.023 and 0.107±0.022,respectively.The level in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues (0.549±0.145) and colorectal adenoma (0.283±0.023) was significantly higher than that in non-cancerous adjacent colorectal tissues (0.107±0.022).Compared with colorectal adenoma tissues,level in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly higher.There were significant differences among the three groups (F =20.113,P ＜ 0.05).The ratio of high expression level of EZH2 in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues was closed related with tumorgenesis,differentiation,TNM staging and lymphatic metastsis (all P ＜ 0.05).However,no correlation was revealed between EZH2 expression and the age,gender (both P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The expression of EZH2 may be associated with the tumorgenesis invasion,metastasis and progression of colorectal adenocarcinoma.