Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted wide attention due to its unique advantages such as minimal invasiveness, high efficiency and high selectivity, and its ability to induce anti-tumor immune response. However, the treatment process is heavily dependent on the oxygen content of the treatment site, and the widespread oxygen deficiency in malignant tumors severely limits its efficacy. In addition, PDT-mediated oxygen depletion exacerbates tumor hypoxia, which further reduces its therapeutic effect. In recent years, many researches have been devoted to overcoming this problem. This paper summarized various strategies based on tumor hypoxic PDT in recent years, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, and analyzing the main challenges and future directions of PDT in the treatment of tumors, so as to provide references for the in-depth study of photodynamic therapy of tumors.

Accidents, Occupational ; Adult ; Dichloroethylenes ; poisoning ; Female ; Humans

[Summary] According to the cutpoint of plasma triglycerides concentration ≥ 1.7 mmol/L,waist circumference ≥85 cm in men or ≥80 cm in women,459 patiens with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided into four groups:normal waist circumference and triglycerides,normal waist circumference and hypertriglyceridemia,abdominal obesity and normal triglycerides,and hypertriglyceridemic-waist (HTWC) group.The results showed that body mass index,waist circumference,systolic blood pressure,triglycerides,microalbuminuria,and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in HTWC group were higher than those in non-HTWC groups (all P＜0.01),as well as higher diabetic nephropathy incidence (P＜0.05).Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that HTWC was an independent risk factor of diabetic nephropathy (OR =2.070,95 ％ CI 1.195-3.586).

Objective To analysis the long-term retention rate of Levetiraceram (LEV) monotherapy or combination therapy of infant epilepsy. Methods The clinical data of patients with infant epilepsy treated by LEV had been retrospectively analyzed from July 2006 to June 2007. Results Sixty patients with infant epilepsy treated by LEV had been recruited, 20 cases with partial seizures, 19 cases with generalized seizures, 21 cases with epilepsy syndrome. Among them 21 cases was intractable epilepsy. The retention rates of LEV in 6-month, 1-year, 2-year, 3-year and 4-year were 95.5%, 75.0%, 60.0%, 51.7%, and 38.3%. The most common reason for withdrawal was lack of effect (43.2%). COX regression model suggested that duration>1 month (RR=2.91, 95%CI:1.16~7.30) and refractory epilepsy (RR=2.30, 95%CI:1.22~4.32) were risk factors of withdrawal (all P<0.05). After treatment, the seizure frequency signiifcantly reduced compared with baseline (P<0.01). To the end of the follow-up, the efifciency was 100%and the complete remission rate was 69.57%in 23 cases continued treatment. The main side effect were fatigue (56.0%), and sleep increased, irritability, and so on. Conclusions LEV monotherapy or combination therapy has well long-term retention rate, maintains well efifcacy and tolerability in infant epilepsy.

Objectives To investigate the prevalance of quinolone resistance in Laribacter hongkongensis and to evaluate the influence of agar dilution and disc diffusion methods on susceptibility testing for the bacterium. Methods Susceptibility to quinolones of L.hongkongensis was tested by agar dilution and disc diffusion methods. The results for both methods were compared. Results L.hongkongensis isolates exhibited different susceptibility rate for quinolones (levofloxacin>ciprofloxacin>norfloxacin>nalidixic acid). All of the fish isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin and more than 90%were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin. However,by agar dilution, only 62.50%, 37.50%,48.21%, 19.64%of the frogs isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, respectively. For fish isolates, comparision of susceptibilities between agar dilution and disc diffusion showed a high (> 95%) percentage agreement for levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and the highest crepancies were observed with norfloxacin (100%) .But it showed a high discrepancy when comparing the two methods for frogs isolates. Conclusions The resistance rate of L. hongkongens to quinolones was high , especially for frog isolates. The results suggested the use of agar dilution on susceptibility testing for quinolones in L. hongkongensis.

Objective To explore the relationship between cough variant asthma (CVA) and mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection.Methods Fifty children with CVA were chosen as the experimental group at random,and 50 children with acute upper respiratory infection,who went to the hospital in the same time and with similar age,were chosen as control group.The MP-IgM of children in both groups were tested by the granule agglutinating method.Results Significant difference (? 2=9.013 P

Microscopic identification and NIRS methods were applied to identify Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma of two different origins. The results showed that both methods could identify the samples. NIRS could identify the two samples nondestructively, and provides a basis for establishment of a standard herbs radix clematidis NIRS fingerprint in the future.
China ; Clematis ; chemistry ; classification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; chemistry ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods

To compare the neuroprotective and anti-dementia pharmacological effects of chiral oxiracetam, glutamate and calcium ions were used to establish neuronal injury models in vitro, and the protective effects of chiral oxiracetam on primary neurons were assayed by MTT. Permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2-VO)-induced rats were randomly divided into sham group, model group, galantamine 3 mg‧kg^-1 group, oxiracetam groups (30, 100 and 200 mg‧kg^-1), S-oxiracetam groups (30, 100 and 200 mg‧kg^-1) and R-oxiracetam 200 mg‧kg^-1 group. The animal experiments in the present study were performed in accordance with the Ethical Guidelines of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Ethical Committee of Peking Union Medical College. Morris water maze and step-down test were applied to evaluate the cognitive dysfunction induced by cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Oxiracetam, S-oxiracetam and R-oxiracetam exerted protective effects on primary neuronal damage caused by various stimuli, and oxiracetam and S-oxiracetam showed better neuro-protective effects. Morris water maze and step-down results showed that oxiracetam, S-oxiracetam and R-oxiracetam improved the cognition of 2-VO rats. In summary, S-oxiracetam exerted a better neuro-protective effect than oxiracetam and R-oxiracetam.

To study the cognitive effects of diterpene ginkgolides (DG), transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)-induced rats were established. tMCAO-rats induced by suture method were divided into sham operation group, solvent control group, NBP group, DG group. The animal experiments in the present study were performed in accordance with the Ethical Guidelines of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Ethical Committee of Peking Union Medical College (00000646, 00000635). The effects of DG on tMCAO rats were evaluated by neurological severity score, cerebral infarction volume measurement, step-down and Morris water maze test. In the acute tMCAO rat model, 100 mg·kg^-1 DG improved the neural score and infarction volume. In the chronic tMCAO rat model, DG 100 mg·kg^-1 significantly improved the survival rate of tMCAO-induced rats. The Morris water maze results showed 100 mg·kg^-1 DG decreased the latency of tMCAO-induced rats to find the platform, while the effect was weaker than the NBP. However, DG 30 mg·kg^-1 did not show a significant effect. In conclusion, DG exerted a therapeutic effect on transient middle cerebral artery occlusion.

Objective To investigate the effects of Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine on immunological function and clinical character in elderly patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MethodsA total of 100 elderly patients with stable COPD were randomly divided into immunotherapy group (group A, n= 50) and non-immunotherapy group (group B, n= 50), and normal control group (group C, n = 50). The levels of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+ , CD4+, CD8+ , CD4+/CD8+ ratio), natural killer cells (NK cells), immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) and cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a) were measured respectively before and after therapy. Group A and B were followed up for 1 year, then the times of acute outbreak and hospitalization of patients in the two groups were also compared. Results The levels of CD4 + ,CD4+/CD8+ ratio and NK cells in group A, B were significantly lower before therapy (P＜0. 05～0. 01＝, and the levels of IL-6, IL -8, TNF-a and IgA were significantly higher than in group C (P＜0. 01＝. After treatment with Mycobacterium vaccae vaccine in group A, the levels of CD4+ , CD4+/CD8+ ratio and NK cells were significantly higher (P＜0. 05-0. 01＝ and IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a and IgA were significantly lower than before treatment (all P＜0. 01＝. These levels showed no significant changes in group B after treatment (P＞0. 05). After 1-year follow-up, the times of acute outbreak and hospitalization on patients were statistically lower in group A than in group B (P＜ 0. 01 ).ConclusionsMycobacterium vaccae vaccine can improve cellular immunity function and reduce the times of acute outbreak and hospitalization in patients with stable COPD, so it has a higher clinical application value.