In this study, OVA-induced asthma mice was taken as the model, and orally administered with different concentration of ethanol extracts of crude and processed Stemona tuberosa, in order to determine the cytokine level released from Th1 and Th2 in splenocytes. RT-PCR was carried out to determine the genetic expression of T-bet/GATA-3 in lung, and compare the differentiation between ethanol extracts of crude and processed S. tuberosa in therapeutic effect on asthma in mice. According to the results, compared with the crude samples, processed samples significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factor INF-gamma (P < 0.05) and decreased IL-5 (P < 0.05) in splenocytes. According to the RT-PCR results, the administration of processed samples could increase the ratio of T-bet/GATA-3 (P < 0.05). The experiment showed that ethanol extracts of both crude and processed S. tuberosa could treat asthma by regulating Th1/Th2 ratio, but processed samples showed more notable effect. This indicated that crude and processed S. tuberosa had significant pharmacological difference. Therefore, it was more rational to apply processed S. tuberosa in clinical treatment of asthma and chronic cough, which layed a foundation for further revealing the processing mechanism of S. tuberosa.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Asthma ; drug therapy ; immunology ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; GATA3 Transcription Factor ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Stemonaceae ; chemistry ; T-Box Domain Proteins ; metabolism ; Th1 Cells ; drug effects ; secretion ; Th2 Cells ; drug effects ; secretion

Objective To improve the recognition of nervous system symptoms of inborn errors.Methods Five patients with organic acidemias were screened by urine organic acid analysis(gas chromotography-mass spectrometry,GC/MS),3 cases of methylmalolic acidemias(MMA) and 2 cases of propionic acidemias(PA) were confirmed.They were treated with special diet and medicine after diagnosis.Result The improvement of mental development was observed after treatment.Conclusions Most of organic acidemias involve nervous systems,causing non-specific symptoms of nervous system as lethergy,seizures,mental retardation.Inborn errors of metabolism shall be kept in mind when causes of the symtoms of acidosis,seisures,mental retardation and lethergy are investigated.GC/MS is a very important method in diagnosis of organic acidemias.Early diagnosis and early treatment can improve the mental prognosis.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted significant attention due to minimal side effects and high treatment specificity. However, it often requires very high temperature to achieve complete tumor ablation under a single PTT. Such high temperature brings obvious thermal damage and inflammatory response to the body, affecting the therapeutic effect. In recent years, nitric oxide (NO) has been used to significantly inhibit tumor growth and enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells of temperature and drugs, thus enhancing the therapeutic effect. However, compounds as NO donors often have some disadvantages such as poor biocompatibility and untargeted delivery, etc., therefore, this medical application based on NO therapy is limited. In conclusion, the organic combination of NO donors and photothermal agents (PTAs) is expected to overcome the shortcomings of single therapy and achieve the antitumor effect of "1 + 1 > 2". In view of the rapid development of NO combining with PTT in tumor therapy, this review firstly introduces the antitumor mechanisms of different types of NO donors. Then the treatment strategy based on NO combined with PTT is discussed. Finally, the prospects and challenges of this combination therapy strategy in the clinical treatment of cancer are discussed.

Objective: To analyze the New Cooperative Medical System ( NCMS ) funds and Individual afford-ability of anti-tumor targeted drugs under different medical insurance entry price, and to provide the basis for establis-hing the access price for medical insurance. Methods: Choosing Conmana or Kemer ( the lung cancer targeted drug) and Herceptin (breast cancer targeted drug) to analyze the Wuhan NRCMS operating status from 2012 to 2014, use tumor surveillance data from Hubei Province during the period from 2011 to 2015;consult clinical experts to form expert consensus price, refer to the Jiangsu Province Access Price and National Negotiation Price, and explore the fund bal-ance and individual affordability when the afore-mentioned two kinds of drugs can be compensated by medical insurance under different price. Results:The basic account balances of NRCMS in Wuhan from 2016 to 2018 are-11. 948 million Yuan, 2. 513 million Yuan and 82. 955 million Yuan when Kemer can be compensated by medical insurance under Na-tional Negotiation Price. Taking the compensation of Herceptin under National Price after the bargaining, the basic ac-count balances are -26. 901 million Yuan,-35. 962 million Yuan and 17. 542 million Yuan respectively. The rate of poverty caused by illness falls to 33. 40% from 45. 85% when Conmana can be compensated by Medical Insurance un-der National Negotiation Price, while this rate falls to 45. 42% from 46. 00% for Herceptin. Conclusion:The two kinds of drugs can be afforded by the Wuhan NRCMS after the medical insurance access price is negotiated by the govern-ment, but the individual affordability of Herceptin at the National Negotiation Price is worse.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the affordability of 3 anti-tumor targeted drugs gefitinib,trastuzumab and sunitinib in ur-ban and rural residents of Hubei province,and to provide reference for medical insurance price admission of anti-malignant tumor targeted drugs in China. METHODS:Referring to the incidence of malignant tumor stated in statistical yearbook of Hubei province and income data of urban and rural residents in Hubei province,based on the policy of reducing the price of imported drugs by 50% mentioned in the national drug price negotiations,and assume the drugs are included in the medical insurance reimbursement list,WHO/HAI standard survey method,catastrophic expenditure evaluation method and poverty effect evaluation method were ad-opted to calculate the affordability of 3 drugs. RESULTS:According to WHO/HAI standard survey method,increment of payment for 3 drugs were 64.00%-74.00% before and after 50% discount and reimbursement. According to catastrophic expenditure evalua-tion method,50% discount of gefitinib and reimbursement gefitinib,trastuzumab and sunitinib in urban area would result in cata-strophic expenditures of 20.00%、59.28% and 35.48% patients;in rural area,would result in catastrophic expenditures of 50.63%、74.72% and 75.93% patients. According to poverty effect evaluation method,50% discount of 3 drugs and reimbursement caused less than 31.95% urban and rural patients falling to poverty. CONCLUSIONS:Fifty percentage discount of 3 anti-tumor targeted drugs mentioned in the national drug price negotiations cause the economic burden more serious for rural residents than urban resi-dents. In the formulation of policies,the corresponding reimbursement ratio should be adjusted according to urban and rural areas, drug price and disease types for a balance of patients with different economic burden.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the common and serious microvascular complications of diabetes. In foreign countries, DR is the leading cause of blindness in the working age group (20 - 64 years). In China, the incidence of DR and the rate of blindness increase year by year, which seriously affects the patients' quality of life. Previous studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy were mainly focused on the microvascular; in recent years, with the deepening of researches, more and more scholars believe that DR is no longer simply a kind of microangiopathy, but is also accompanied by retinal neurodegeneration. However, studies on the pathogenesis of microvascular disease and neurodegenerative changes of diabetic retinopathy in the literature domestic and abroad are mostly single. This article reviews the relationship between microvascular disease and neurodegenerative changes in diabetic retinopathy.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects and mechanism of Qingyi II Granules (QYG) on the bacterial translocation in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP).

METHODSEighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized equally into 3 groups, the sham-operated group (A), the ANP model group (B) and the treated group (C). Rats in Group B and C were established into ANP model by retrograde injection of 30 g/L sodium taurocholate into pancreatobiliary duct. QYG was administered, beginning from 1 h after modeling, for three times (every 6 h) per day via intragastric infusion to Group C in dose of 10 mL/kg (250 g/L), while to the other two groups, equal volume of saline was infused instead. All animals were sacrificed 24 h after modeling. The contents in mesenteric lymph nodes and distant sites (liver, spleen, pancreas) were taken for bacterial culture and strain identification, the expression of high mobility group box 1 (Hmgb1) mRNA in ileal tissue was assayed by real-time PCR; the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were determined by ELISA; the wet/ dry ratio of ileum was measured; and the pathologic features of pancreas and ileum were examined respectively.

RESULTSIn Group B, evident pathological injury in pancreas and ileum was shown, expression of Hmgb1 mRNA up-regulated, levels of NO and ET-1 in ileum tissues increased to 1.67 +/- 0.21 micromol/L and 102.18 +/- 9.19 ng/L respectively, and the bacterial counts in the mesenteric lymph nodes and distant sites increased significantly. Compared with Group B, the level of NO and ET-1 reduced to 1.39 +/- 0.23 micromol/L and 83.15 +/- 5.39 ng/L, respectively in Group C, with all the above-mentioned abnormal changes alleviated significantly.

CONCLUSIONLevels of Hmgb1, NO and ET-1 might play important roles in the ANP model rats with intestinal bacterial translocation. QYG shows effects on preventing the intestinal bacterial translocation by way of down-regulate the Hmgb1 mRNA expression, lowering the concentration of NO and ET, and ameliorating the injury of pancreatic and ileum tissues.

Animals ; Bacterial Translocation ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Endothelin-1 ; analysis ; HMGB1 Protein ; metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa ; microbiology ; Intestines ; microbiology ; Nitric Oxide ; analysis ; Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Phytotherapy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To explore a new method for in vitro culture and differentiation induction of rat adipose-derived stromal cells(ADSCs)into neural cells.Methods The retroperitoneal adipose tissue of adult SD rats was carefully dissected and digested using type Ⅰ collagenase.After centrifugation.the stromal cell pellet was resuspended in DMEM/F12 containing 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS).The ADSCs in passage 5 were harvested and cultured in serum-free Neurobasal (NB)medium supplemented with 20 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF),20 ng/mL of epidermal growth factor (EGF)and N2(1:100)to induce neurosphere formation.The neurospheres in passage 2 were incubated in NB medium supplemented with 0.5 μmol/L all-trails-retinoic acid(RA),1%FBS,5%horse serum,and 50 ng/mL of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)to induce the their differentiation into neuron-and glial-like cells.Immunofluorescent staining was performed to identify the differentiated cells. Results Early after inoculation,the spherical ADSCs were suspended in the medium and began to adhere to the wall of the culture flask 24 h after the inoculation.With the increase of the cell density in the cell culture,a fibroblast-like cell monolayer occurred.Neurosphere formation was observed 5-7 days after culturing the ADSCsin serum-free NB medium,and the neurospheres rapidly proliferated and reached a diameter of 100μm at 14 days of culture.The neurospheres further terminally differentiated into neuron-and glial-like cells with spherical morphology and clearly visible cell nuclei.The differentiated cells extended long and thin cell processes or reticular cell processes,and numerous cells established networks through the cell processes.Immunofluorescent staining showed that the neurospheres were positive for nestin (with a positivity rate of 75.62%±1.34%),and 57.62%±4.92%of the terminally differentiated cells expressed β-tubulin Ⅲ,a marker of immature neurons,and 11.25%±3.87%were positive for MAP2ab,a marker of mature neurons.Some of the differentiated cells were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)expression(18.34%±3.87%)and galactoeerebroside(GalC)(14.35%±3.98%). Conclusions ADSCs from adult rat adipose tissue Can produce a large quantity of stable multipotent daughter cells.The two-step method for inducing the differentiation of ADSCs Can yield high rates of nestin-and β-tubulin Ⅲ-positive cells and some MAP2ab-positive cells.

Objective: By observing the body surface temperature changes of different meridian acupoints located at the same or adjacent spinal segments of the uterus during the whole storing and releasing process of the uterus under normal physiological condition by the infrared thermal imaging technology, to explore the specific patterns that the functions of Zang-fu organs are reflected on the biophysical characteristics of acupoints, and to enrich the functional specificity theory of the meridian acupoints, thus to provide a reference for discussing the biophysical characteristics of meridian acupoints associated with the menstrual cycle in healthy female college students. Methods: Ninety healthy subjects were included. Infrared thermal imaging device was used to detect the body surface temperature of the Yuan-Primary points, the Xi-Cleft points, the crossing points, the non-specific points, the unrelated meridian acupoints and the non-meridian non-acupoint points of the three yin meridians of foot located at the same or adjacent spinal cord segment with uterus, during the menstrual phase, the follicular phase, the ovulation phase and the luteal phase. The absolute skin temperature difference between the left and right acupoints with the same name was used as the main outcome indicator. Results: The temperature difference between left and right Diji (SP 8, the Xi-Cleft point of the Spleen Meridian) during the ovulation phase was significantly higher than that during the other 3 phases (all P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the temperature difference between the other meridian acupoints and non-meridian non-acupoint points during the 4 phases (all P>0.05); the absolute temperature difference value of each meridian acupoint was not statistically different from each other in the same phase (all P>0.05). Conclusion: The temperature of Diji (SP 8) specifically reflected the onset of ovulation, and the thermal characteristics of Diji (SP 8) specifically reflected the physiological changes of uterus. The meridian acupoints reflecting the performance of Zang-fu function is not only associated with the spinal cord segment innervating the acupoints, but also associated with the characteristics of the acupoints and the meridians to which the acupoints belong.

OBJECTIVETo establish a convenient and high-throughput respiratory virus detection method to facilitate epidemiological viral monitoring.

METHODSWe used high-throughput microsphere-based flexible multi-analyte profiling technology (xMAP) coupled with signal amplification molecules to simultaneously detect RNAs of 8 viruses including influenza viruses A and B, parainfluenza viruses type 1, 2 and 3, respiratory syncytial viruses A and B, and metapneumovirus in a 96-well plate format. The sensitivity and specificity of the method for the synthetic viral RNAs were evaluated.

RESULTSThere was no cross-reactivity among the 8 respiratory viral target RNAs. The detection limits for the 8 viral in intro-transcribed RNAs ranged from 1204 to 4695 RNA copies.

CONCLUSIONWe establish a sensitive, specific, convenient, and high-throughput multiplex detection method suitable for detecting multiple respiratory viral RNAs for epidemiological viral monitoring.

High-Throughput Screening Assays ; methods ; Influenza A virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza B virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Limit of Detection ; Metapneumovirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; methods ; RNA, Viral ; analysis ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Respiratory System ; virology ; Respirovirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcription ; Sensitivity and Specificity