Bacterial biofilm is responsible for a wide variety of nosocomial infections.Many chronic infectious diseases are closely correlated with biofilm formation in the clinic.As the biofilm growth,bacterial clusters detachment and dispersal from mature mixed-species biofilms will result in repeated acute infections.Here reviews three distinct biofilm dispersal strategies: swarming dispersal,clumping dispersal and surface dispersal.Many factors,such as heredity and increased fluid shear in the environment,contribute to this complex and dynamic process.Fundamental investigation upon biofilm will benefit clinical therapy of biofilm-associated infections.

Citrus aurantium is one of the most common traditional Chinese medicines. In this paper, the chemical components, content determination and pharmacological actions of C. aurantium were summarized for the comprehensive utilization of its resources. Because of the complicated resources of C. aurantium, only one single component as index couldn't reflect the quality and effects and comprehensive evaluation which concluding multiple components should be established in the future quality control. In recent years, the pharmacological effects research of C. aurantium has made tremendous progress, and it is important to explore new drugs from the development and utilization of the active ingredient of C. aurantium. In recent years, the pharmacological effects research of C. aurantium has made tremendous progress, and it is important to explore new drugs from the development and utilization of the active ingredient of C. aurantium.
Citrus ; chemistry ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology

BACKGROUND:It has been recently indicated that nervous factors are able to adjust and dominate bone fracture healing. Type Ⅰ collagen is a major factor to promote the differentiation of osteoblasts and enhance the adhesion of osteoblasts; while, it is also a matrix protein for composing bone framework. Type Ⅱ collagen is derived from chondrocytes. OBJECTIVE: To study changing law of type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen expression during denervated bone fracture healing. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Randomized controlled anima study was performed at the Animal Laboratory and Cell Biology Laboratory, the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA between May and December 2005. MATERIALS: Forty 3-month-year healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into fracture group (tibial fracture alone) and combination group (spinal cord injury combined with tibial fracture), with 20 rats at each group. METHODS: A φ 0.8 mm Kirschner wire was inserted into anterior border of left tibial plateau to establish tibial fracture models in the fracture group. A 0.3-cm spinal cord transection was cut at T10 segment to establish tibial fracture models with entire spinal cord injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASRUES: Type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen protein expressions of callus were detected using Western blot technique in week 1, 2, 4, and 5 post-injury. RESULTS: One week after injury, type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen was represented in callus in the two groups, while the expressions in the combination group were significantly higher than fracture group (P<0.05); two weeks after injury, type Ⅱ collagen expression reached at the peak in the combination group, and the expression was significantly higher than the fracture group (P<0.05); four weeks after injury, type Ⅰ collagen expression reached at the peak in the fracture group, and the expression was significantly higher than the combination group (P<0.05), while type Ⅱ collagen still highly expressed in the combination group; five weeks after injury, type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen expressions were decreased in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Secretory law of type Ⅰ and Ⅱ collagen during denervated bone fracture healing is similar to normal bone fracture healing; however, the differences at time points, in particular expression at peak, are remarkable between them.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has a wide range of biological functions in epigenetic, cell cycle, cell differentiation and other life activities, and that affect the development and differentiation of immune cells and the maintenance of homeostasis in the immune system. CD4⁺ T cell subsets are heterogeneous cells with different functions, including promoting the proliferation and differentiation of T cells, B cells and other immune cells, and coordinating related functions between immune cells. Autoimmune disease (AID) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by an autoantigen immune reaction. lncRNA and CD4⁺ T cell subsets are involved in the occurrence and progression of the disease. This article reviews the relationship between lncRNA and the differentiation of AID CD4⁺ T cell subsets.

Abstract： Objective To evaluate the filtration effects of various nanofiltration systems on intravenous human immunog⁃ lobulin（IVIG）in order to screen the optimal nanofiltration system. Methods Various nanofilters were used for IVIG filtration to determine the best one and then various prefilters were selected to combine with the optimal nanofilter for IVIG filtration to determine the optimal nanofiltration system. Results The tangential flow（cross flow）nanofilter showed better filtering effect than dead end（direct current）nanofilter，and nanofilter C was the best one. The effect of deep filtration prefilter was better than that of absolute filtration prefilter，and prefilter Y1 in series with nanofilter C was the optimal nanofiltration system. Conclusion The optimal nanofiltration system was determined through the effect evaluation of various nanofiltration systems filtering for IVIG.

Objective To evaluate clinical efficacy of different HPV methods in screening of cervical cancers.Methods Between August 2011 and November 2011,424 women in the China-Japan Friendship Hospital were enrolled in this study.All participants were undergone liquid-based cytology test (LCT),Hybrid capture Ⅱ (HC-Ⅱ) and real-time (RT)PCR high risk HPV DNA test for HPV16 and HPV18 genotyping.Those results were classified into two group:424 women at HC-Ⅱ group with LCT and HC-Ⅱ test and 421 women at PCR group with LCT and PCR test.All women with atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or above in cytological result with high risk HPV positive at two group underwent cervical biopsy by colposcopy.In the mean time,women with negative in cytological results and with HPV 16 and(or) HPV 18 positive also underwent histo-pathological examination by and colposcopy.The results in two groups were discussed:LCT + HC-Ⅱ group (424 patients) and LCT + PCR12+2 group (421 patients).Results (1) There was no significant difference in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) Ⅱ or above disease between LCT + HC-Ⅱ group and LCT + PCR12+2 group (x2 =3.35,P ＞ 0.05).Sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value for detection of CIN Ⅱ or above using HC-Ⅱ and PCR12 +2 were 77.8％,79.4％,20.4％,98.1％ and 96.3％,78.2％,23.2％,99.7％,respectively.(2) In LCT + PCR12+2 group,it was found 34 women with HPV16 positive,5 women with HPV 18 positive including 1 women combined with HPV 16 positive,74 women with other high risk HPV positive and 309 women with HPV negative.Compared to the infection of other high-risk HPV types,HPV 16 and HPV 18 infection leads to a higher chance of cervical lesions with CIN Ⅱ or above [51.3％(20/39) and 8.1％ (6/74)].(3) A significant difference of causing cervical cancer and CIN Ⅱ or above was found among women who were infected with HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 infection,with other high-risk HPV types and negative in high-risk HPV infection (x2 =93.98,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion LCT combined with PCR genotyping HPV could identify CIN Ⅱ or above disease efficiently.

OBJECTIVETo observe the therapeutic efficacy and safety of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) combined Wenshen Xiaozheng Decoction (WXD) in auxiliary treating endometriosis after laparoscopy.

METHODSOne hundred and thirty-four endometriosis patients with confirmative pathological diagnosis were assigned to three groups depending on whether they would receive adjuvant therapy or Chinese medicine treatment, i.e., the control group, the observation 1 group, and the observation 2 group. The 22 patients in the control group received no adjuvant therapy after laparoscopy. The 42 patients in the observation 1 group were treated with GnRHa 3.6 mg by subcutaneous injection starting from the 1st day to the 5th day of menstruation, once per 28 days. The 70 patients in the observation 2 group were treated with GnRHa 3.6 mg by subcutaneous injection in combination with WXD starting from the 1st day to the 5th day of menstruation, once per 28 days. They also took WXD for 7 doses, one cycle per every 28 days. The treatment lasted for three to six months. Serum levels of estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and cancer antigen 125 (CA125), as well as clinical efficacy, and adverse drug reactions were observed before and after treatment.

RESULTSThere was statistical difference in serum levels of E2, FSH, or LH between the control group and the observation 1 and 2 groups (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in serum levels of E2, FSH, or LH between the observation 1 group and the observation 2 group (P > 0.05). There was statistical difference in the clinical efficiency among the 3 groups (P < 0.05). There was statistical difference in the pre-post difference of CA125 levels among the three groups (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, there was no statistical difference in the pre-post difference of CA125 levels between the observation 1 group and the observation 2 group (P > 0.05). No obvious adverse reaction occurred during the treatment.

CONCLUSIONSGnRHa combined WXD showed confirmative clinical efficacy in treating endometriosis after laparoscopy. It also could lower serum levels of E2, FSH, and LH levels. So it was an ideal solution for treatment of endometriosis.

Adult ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Endometriosis ; drug therapy ; surgery ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Treatment Outcome

Background With the development of phacoemulsification surgery,the minimization of the size of the incision in order to reduce the damaging of eye tissue and postoperative complications becomes a focus.Objective This study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of coaxial phacoemulsification type cataract surgery through a 1.8 mm microincision with foldable intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in eyes with age-related cataract.Methods Informed consent was obtained from each patient at the beginning of this study.A serial case observation study was designed.Thirty-two eyes of 32 patients with age-related cataract were enrolled in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People' s Hospital from April 2012 to May 2012,including 8 eyes of grade Ⅱ hard nucleus cataract,16 eyes of grade Ⅲ hard nucleus cataract and 8 eyes of grade Ⅳ hard nucleus cataract.Ocular axial length was measured by an A-mode ultrasonic apparatus,and IOL diopter was calculated using the SRK-Ⅱ formula.Under ocular surface anesthesia,a 1.8 mm clear corneal tunnel incision was made at the 10-11 o' clock position,and then an auxiliary incision was made at the 2 o' clock position.The opaque lens was extracted by routine phacoemulsification.An Akreos MI60 IOL was implanted through the 1.8 mm incision.The time and level of ultrasonic power required for phacoemulsification,postoperative visual acuity and incidence of postoperative complication were assessed.Postoperative examinations were scheduled at 1 day,1 week and 1 month after the surgery.Results All the operations proceeded smoothly.The mean phaco-time was (7.0±3.6) seconds and the mean ultrasonic power level was (15.3 ±6.1)％ among the different grades of cataract groups.The number of eyes presenting an uncorrected distance visual acuity of ≥ 0.5 was 18 (56.25％),28 (87.50％) and 30 (93.75％) 1 day,1 week and 1 month after surgery,respectively.The number of eyes with a best corrected distance visual acuity of ≥ 0.5 and 0.8 were 31(96.88％) and 26 (81.25％),respectively,1 month after surgery.Negligible changes were detected in the anterior chamber depths,and no thermal damage was found at the incision during the operation.Conclusions Coaxial phacoemulsification and IOL implantation through a 1.8 mm microincision is safe and effective.Thorough planning and precise execution are necessary.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCUS) in the macroscopic classification of rectal carcinoma. Methods Seventy-one patients with rectal carcinoma were examined by ultrasound after intrarectal infusion and intravenous bolus injection of SonoVue preoperatively. And three types were divided according to the shape of the tumor:protruding type, ulcerative type and invasive type. After surgery, DCUS and perfusion contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (PCUS) were compared with final pathologic results respectively, and the relationship between general tumor type and TN staging were analyzed.Results The accuracy of DCUS [88.7%(63/71) ] in macroscopic classification of rectal carcinoma was significantly higher than that of PCUS [73.2%(52/71) ](χ2=5.534,P<0.05). For the invasion depth into the intestinal wall, the protruding type was mainly in T1, T2 and T3 stages while ulcerative and invasive type in T2, T3 and T4 stages (χ2=12.322, P<0.05 ). For the stage of lymph node, the protruding type was mainly in N0 and N1 while ulcerative and invasive type in N1 and N2(χ2=6.733,P < 0.05 ). Conclusions DCUS, with its high accuracy, is a new valuable method for macroscopic classification of rectal carcinoma.In the aspect of intestinal wall invasion and the lymph node, protruding type is less severe than ulcerative type and invasive type.

Objective To construct an electrochemical immunosensor for ultrasensitive determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) .Methods The electrochemical immunosensor for M PO was prepared by modifying the electrode using Au-graphitized me-soporous carbon nanoparticles(AuNPs@ GMCs) hybrid and immobilizing MPO antibodies onto the glass carbon electrode surface . The effect of experimental parameters on the immunosensor and results comparison with ELISA were investigated .Results The immunosensor was sensitive to M PO with a linear relationship between 2 .000 and 300 .000 ng/mL and a correlation coefficient of 0 .999 ;the detection limit was 0 .5 ng/mL .The correlation coefficient of two methods was 0 .983 .Conclusion The immunosensor can be used for ultrasensitive detection of MPO .