Embryonic stem cells(ESCs),a kind of totipotent cells,can differentiate into cell type of the 3 germ layers.Adult stem cells(ASCs) are pluripotent stem cells,which can self-renew and transdifferentiate into a completely different tissue derivative cells.Thus ASCs can transdifferentiate into germ cells in a certain condition.Great progress has made for the study on human ESCs.However,use of ESCs faces the immunological rejection,oncogenicity and ethical controversies problems,and these limit their uses for treatment of human diseases.On contrast,ASCs can advoid these problems,and they may have a better perspective.Germ cells as carriers of genetic materials,are worth of studying.If male germ cells can be derived from ASCs,this will open the possibilities for the use of these cells for male infertillty in clinical application.In this review,we will introduce the progress on derivation of male germ cells from ESCs and ASCs.

Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Heart Defects, Congenital ; metabolism ; Humans ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; metabolism

Congenital Abnormalities ; genetics ; Gene Dosage ; Genome, Human ; Humans

Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; etiology ; Cardiovascular Abnormalities ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Child ; Heart Function Tests ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ; etiology ; Humans ; Postoperative Care ; Postoperative Complications ; Prognosis ; Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency ; etiology ; Tetralogy of Fallot ; surgery ; Time Factors ; Ventricular Outflow Obstruction ; etiology

Objective To understand the effect of transforming growth factor-?_(2)(TGF-?_(2)) on the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP_(2)) in cultured bovine trabecular cells and to investigate the role of TGF-?_(2) in the pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma(POAG). Methods TM cells were incubated in DMEM containing 1.0?g/L TGF-?_(2) or 1.0?g/L TGF-?_(2) with 100mg/L murine monocolonal anti-human PAI-1 IgG or DMEM without any experimental reagent for 24, 36, 48h, respectively. The expression of MMP_(2) or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) were assayed by Western blot. Results TGF-?_(2 )could enhance the expression of pre-form MMP_(2) and PAI-1. PAI-1 neutralizing antibody could promote transformation of the pre-form MMP_(2) to it's active form. Conclusion TGF-?_(2) can cause the accumulation of ECM in trabecular meshwork by inhibiting the activation process of pre-form MMP_(2), and thus cause the increase of aqueous humor outflow resistance, which contributes to the pathogenesis of POAG.

Tanshinones, the main bioactive compounds of Salvia miltiorrhiza, are the diterpenoid pigments, multiple genes were proved to be involved in their biosynthesis in plants. CYP76AH1 is the initial P450 gene in the tanshinones biosynthetic pathway, its function has been validated by yeast expression and in vitroenzymatic reaction. In order to clarify the function of CYP76AH1 in vivo, in this study, we constructedthe RNA interference of CYP7AH1 in S. miltiorrhiza hairy root. The RNA interference vector with a hairpin structure was constructed using the Gateway technology, and then the interference fragment was integrated into the genome of S. miltiorrhiza mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Several highly CYP76AH1 interference S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots were obtained for further analysis.
Agrobacterium ; genetics ; metabolism ; Biosynthetic Pathways ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; genetics ; metabolism ; Diterpenes, Abietane ; biosynthesis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA Interference ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; genetics ; metabolism ; microbiology

Adult ; Blindness ; etiology ; Cysts ; surgery ; Humans ; Infection ; complications ; etiology ; Male ; Paranasal Sinus Diseases ; surgery ; Postoperative Complications ; Sphenoid Sinus

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; therapy ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Musculoskeletal Manipulations ; Prolapse

Humans ; Organometallic Compounds ; chemistry ; metabolism ; toxicity