Observed index is a very important element in a research design, because it is a specific reflection of the effects of research factors on the research subjects and is indispensable in any research. Generally, there are two types of observed indexes: the indexes that reflect natural attributes, habits or states of the research subjects and the indexes that reflect the effects of different drugs or treatments on research subjects. This article mainly introduces the definition, characteristics, selection and observation of research indexes and the major and minor indexes.

Objective To study the relationship between salt consumption and hypertension in Chinese people,and provide basic information for developing intervention strategies.Method The data of 45 349 chinese residents aged 15 yrs and above from 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey was used.Results The hypertension prevalence was 18.2%.The prevalence of residents with high blood pressure value was 36.0%,which was 20.4% and 16.2% among men and women,respectively. Hypertension prevalence among people living in urban was higher than their counterparts living in rural.The prevalence of hypertension increased with salt consumption.As compared to people who consumed less than 6 g salt per day,after relative confounding factors adjusted,the prevalence ratio was 1.09,1.14 and 1.28 times,respectively,among people who averagely consumed 6～12 g,12218 g,and≥18 g salt per day,which was 1.13,1.11 and 1.30 times,respectively,among employment population.Conclusion The hypertension prevalence of chinese residents is quite high.There is significant relationship between salt consumption and hypertension.It is very important to strengthen the health education for preventing and controlling hypertension in Chinese residents.

Alzheimer Disease ; genetics ; metabolism ; therapy ; Humans ; tau Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the neuroprotective function of alpha7 nicotinic receptor (nAChR) and its roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODSpecific RNA interference to alpha7 nAChR mRNA expression was performed by gene specific small interference RNA (siRNA). SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with the siRNA or treated with 20 micromol/L 3-[2, 4-dimethoxybenzylidene] anabaseine (DMXB), an alpha7 nAChR agonist. After 48 hrs culture, levels of alpha7 nAChR mRNA and protein were monitored by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. In the second experiment, SH-SYSY cells treated with siRNA or DMXB were exposed to 1 micromol/L Abeta(25-35), followed by protein analysis of alpha-form of secreted beta-amyloid precursor peptide (alphaAPPs), and total APP was assayed by Western blotting. In addition, lipid peroxidation and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] reduction were measured by spectrophotometry.

RESULTIn RNA interference group, as compared with controls, alpha7 nAChR mRNA and protein levels were decreased with inhibitory efficiency by 80% and 69%, respectively, along with a decrease in protein levels of alphaAPP and reduction of MTT. However the product of lipid peroxidation was increased. There was an enhanced gene inhibition of alpha7 nAChR by Abeta. While cells treated with DMXB, the alpha7 nAChR protein was increased by 23% as compared with that of the control, along with decrease of alphaAPP and ERK 1/2 at the protein level. The enhanced expression of alpha7 nAChR reduced the neurotoxic effects resulted from Abeta.

CONCLUSIONThe findings indicate that alpha7 nAChR may play a significant neuroprotective role by enhancing cleavage of APP, improving antioxidant defenses and limiting the toxicity of Abeta, which has been implied in the pathogenesis of AD.

Acetylcholine ; pharmacology ; Alzheimer Disease ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; metabolism ; toxicity ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Neurons ; drug effects ; pathology ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Nicotinic Agonists ; pharmacology ; Protease Nexins ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger ; drug effects ; metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; pharmacology ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; metabolism ; physiology ; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes of XPD (751 Lys/Gln), XPC (PAT)and susceptibility to laryngeal carcinoma. To explore the effect between DNA repair genes of XPD (751 Lys/Gln), XPC (PAT) and carcinogenesis of LSCC(laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma). METHOD: A case-control study was conducted involving 233 LSCC patients and 102 healthy controls to investigate the association between polymorphisms of XPD(751 Lys/Gln), XPC (PAT) and LSCC. All blood samples of the Han people from the Guang Dong Zone was analysze with methods of PCR, PCR-RFLP, ASA and the technique of checking DNA sequencing with sequenator. We explored the association between polymorphisms and the clinical pathologic characteristic of LSCC. The data was compute with SPSS13.0. Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% CI for relevancy intensity were calculated using binary logistic regression analysis. REULT: There is no difference of the frequency of XPC-PAT and XPD (751 Lys/Gln) genotype between in LSCC and in healthy contradistinguish (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION There may be no association between the susceptibility to laryngeal carcinoma and the genotype of XPC-PAT and XPD (751 Lys/Gln).
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; DNA Repair ; genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; genetics ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein ; genetics

Objective To study the effect of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ1-42) on expressions of synaptophysin (Syn), dynamin Ⅰ (Dyn Ⅰ) and adaptor protein 180 (AP180) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Methods Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with 0.01, 0.1, 1, 2 and 5 μmol/L Aβ1-42, and control cells were given no treatment. MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2- yl) - 2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]reduction of the cells was measured by spectrophotometry. The protein levels of Syn, Dyn Ⅰ and AP180 in SH-SY5Y cells treated with 0.5 and 1 μmol/L Aβ1-42 were surveyed by Western blotting. The mRNA levels of Syn, Dyn Ⅰ and AP180 were detected by Real-time PCR in SH-SY5Y cells treated with 1 μmol/L Aβ1-42. Results SH-SY5Y cells showed obviously decreased reduction rates of MTT after exposure to Aβ1-42(0.1 μmol/L) as compared with the controls (P＜0.05), and dose-dependent negative correlation was noted in these SH-SY5Y cells. The protein level of Dyn Ⅰ in cells treated with 0.5 μmol/L Aβ1-42 was significantly decreased as compared with that in controls (P＜0.05). The protein and mRNA levels of Syn and Dyn Ⅰ in cells treated with 1 μ mol/L Aβ1-42 Were obviously decreased as compared with those in controls (P＜0.05), but the levels of AP180 were not changed. Conclusion Aβ1-42 reduces the levels of Syn and Dyn Ⅰ in SH-SY5Y cells, which might be a mechanism in eonnection with cognitive deficit of AD.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of α3 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) on apoptosis and p38 signal transduction pathway in SH-SY5Y cells and to assess the roles of α3 nAChR in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODSThe levels of α3 nAChR mRNA and protein were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively, in SH-SY5Y cells transfected with α3 nAChR siRNA. The mRNA level of bcl-2 and bax was measured by the real-time PCR. The siRNA transfected SH-SY5Y cells and control were then treated with 10 µmol/L Aβ25-35 for another 48 h, and the change in apoptotic rate and the levels of p-p38 and p38 were measured by flow cytometry and Western blot. Subsequently these SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to a blocker of p38 protein, and the apoptotic rate was measured again.

RESULTSCompared to the controls, the expression of α3 nAChR at mRNA and protein levels in the SH-SY5Y cells transfected with α3 nAChR siRNA decreased by 95% and 86%, respectively; the mRNA levels of bax increased 2.11 times and that for bcl-2 decreased 0.53 times. The apoptotic rate was unaffected (3.40% ± 0.20%); but it increased after Aβ25-35 treatment (24.52% ± 1.59%); the level of p-p38 protein also increased by 178% in the α3 nAChR inhibited cells treated with Aβ25-35. Compared to controls, the Aβ25-35-treated SH-SY5Y cells and the Aβ25-35-treated and siRNA-transfected cells both showed a reduction in apoptosis after treatment with p38 blocker, especially in the former.

CONCLUSIONThe siRNA silencing of α3 nAChR mRNA may enhance the effect of Aβ25-35 on the cell apoptosis by increasing the levels of p38 protein and bax mRNA and decreasing the level of bcl-2 mRNA, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD.

Alzheimer Disease ; etiology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; metabolism ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Gene Silencing ; Humans ; Neuroblastoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Peptide Fragments ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; genetics ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of inhibited α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) by small interference RNA (siRNA) in SH-SY5Y cells and to explore the connection of these changes with the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODSThe siRNA of α7 nAChR was transfected into SH-SY5Y cells, and the expression of α7 nAChR and two subtypes of β-secretases (BACE1 and BACE2) at mRNA and protein levels was studied by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The variation of Aβ(1-42) content was detected by ELISA.

RESULTSAs compared with controls, the expression of α7 nAChR at mRNA and protein levels in the SH-SY5Y cells transfected with the α7 nAChR siRNA were decreased by 84% and 79% (P < 0.01), respectively. The expressions of BACE1 mRNA and protein levels was increased by 527% and 71% (P < 0.01), respectively, while the expression of BACE2 decreased by 58% and 75% (P < 0.01), respectively. The Aβ(1-42) content increased by 208% (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSAn inhibited α7 nAChR mRNA induced by siRNA may markedly stimulate the production of Aβ through the mechanism of increased expression of BACE1 and inhibited expression of BACE2, which may be related to the pathogenesis of AD.

Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; metabolism ; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Neuroblastoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Peptide Fragments ; metabolism ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection ; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibition effects of Tianshen Yizhi Recipe (TSYZR), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on decreased expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and the neurotoxicity as well as lipid peroxidation induced by beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. METHODS: The SH-SY5Y cells were treated by a certain concentration of TSYZR, and then exposed to Abeta(25-35). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium reduction assay was carried out to understand the influences of the drugs on cellular viability. Expressions of nAChR subunits (alpha3 and alpha7) at protein and mRNA levels were detected by Western-blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Lipid peroxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid to observe the capacity of antioxidant of the drugs. RESULTS: TSYZR at a safe concentration could increase alpha7 protein in the cells, inhibit decreased expressions of alpha3 and alpha7 nAChR subunit proteins, prevent lower expression of alpha7 mRNA in SH-SY5Y cells induced by Abeta, reduce the neurotoxicity and lipid peroxidation resulting from Abeta, but had no significant effect on the lower expression of alpha3 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: TSYZR can up-regulate the expression of alpha7 nAChR subunit protein and prevent decreased expressions of nAChRs and neurotoxicity as well as lipid peroxidation induced by Abeta. This drug may play an important therapeutic role in treatment of Alzheimer disease.

OBJECTIVETo explore the value of employing the small intestinal feeding tube in treating high position intestinal obstruction of newborn infant.

METHODFive newborn infants (3 males and 2 females; 1 premature infant and 4 fully-mature infants; 2 had membranous atresia of duodenum, 1 had annular pancreas, and 2 had proximal small intestine atresia; 1 infant had malrotation). The duodenal membrane-like atresia and the blind-end of small intestine were removed and intestinal anastomosis was performed, which was combined with intestinal malrotation removal. Before the intestinal anastomosis surgery, the anesthetist inserted via nose a 6Fr small intestinal ED tube, made by CREATE MEDIC CO LTD of Japan[

REGISTRATION NUMBERthe State Food and Drug Administration-instrument (Im.) 2007-NO.2661620]. Twenty-four hours after surgery, abdominal X-ray plain film was taken and patients were fed with syrup; 48 hours later, formula milk was pumped or lactose-free milk amino acids were given by intravenous injection pump through the feeding tube. The amount of milk and fluids was gradually increased to normal amount according to the condition. In initial 3 days the intravenous nutrition was given and one week after operation, the infants were fed through mouth in addition to pumping milk through the tube and stopped infusion. Ten to 22 days after operation, the tube was removed and the infant patients were discharged.

RESULTAll the five infants showed that the feeding through the nutrition tube was accomplished and the time of venous nutrition was reduced and fistula operation was avoided. None of the infants on question was off the tube and no jaundice exacerbation was found and the liver function was also found normal. At the very beginning, the tube was occasionally blocked by milk vale in one infant and after 0.9% sodium chloride solution flushing patency restored. After that, the feeding tube was washed once with warm water after feeding. In one infant vomiting occurred due to enough oral milk. The photograph of upper gastrointestine did not show anastomomotic stricture or fistula, or intestinal obstruction. After pulling out the tube, the symptoms disappeared and then the patient was discharged. One child was found to have diarrhea with no lactose nutrition liquid and given compound lactic bacteria preparations for oral administration, the symptom disappeared. In the 5 cases, the shortest hospital stay was 10 days and the longest was 22 days, the average stay was 16 days. Three to 5 days after operation the weight restored to birth weight, the weight had increased, when discharged, to an average of 5.5 g (kg·d).

CONCLUSIONThe small intestinal feeding tube was very effective for the postoperative nutrition maintenance of high position intestinal obstruction in newborn infants.

Anastomosis, Surgical ; Enteral Nutrition ; instrumentation ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intestinal Atresia ; surgery ; Intestinal Obstruction ; surgery ; Intestine, Small ; abnormalities ; surgery ; Intubation, Gastrointestinal ; instrumentation ; methods ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Nose ; Postoperative Care ; methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors ; Weight Gain