Objective: To analyze the incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in China from 2003 to 2007. Methods: The registration data during 2003 to 2007 from 32 cities/ counties were used to estimate stomach cancer incidence and mortality and their changing trends in China. Results: The crude incidence rate of stomach cancer was 33.14/100 000 and the age-standardized rate (ASR) by world population was 23.09/100 000, ranked the second of all new cancer cases during 2003 to 2007 in China. A higher incidence rate was found in the males than in the females. In the same time period, the crude mortality rate of stomach cancer was 24.34/100 000, and the ASR by world population was 16.39/100 000, ranked the third of all cancer deaths, with a higher rate in the males than in the females. The age-specific incidence and mortality rates were increased with increasing age. The differences of ASR in the incidence and the mortality by world population among different regions were found as high as 16.3 and 19.1 folds in the males, and 17.5 and 27.0 folds in the females, respectively. Conclusion: The incidence and mortality of stomach cancer are still high in China from 2003 to 2007. There are substantial variations in the incidence and mortality rates of stomach cancer by age and region. Copyright © 2012 by TUMOR.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the mortality distribution characteristics and epidemiological trend of lung cancer in 2004 - 2005 in China.

METHODSA total of 142 660 482 person years (72 970 241 person years in male, 69 690 241 person years in female) was covered in the Third National Retrospective Sampling Survey of Death Causes in China, 2004 - 2005. All death records of cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung were extracted. According to the different variations such as gender, urban or rural areas and three territory regions-Eastern, Central and Western China for lung cancer deaths, crude, age-adjusted, area-adjusted death rate, the constitute proportion to all cancer deaths, age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population and by world standard population and rank of cancer-specific mortality were calculated. The statistic indexes of mortality were compared with that of previous retrospective death surveys in 1973 - 1975 and 1990 - 1992.

RESULTSIn the National Death Survey 2004 - 2005, there were 43 993 deaths caused by lung cancer with crude death rate of 30.84/100 000, age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population of 20.24/100 000 and 27.62/100 000 by world standard population, accounted for 22.70% of total cancer deaths (193 841 cases). There were a total of 30 167 cancer deaths in male with crude death rate of 41.34/100 000 and 13 826 in female with crude death rate of 19.84/100 000. Lung cancer mortality was increased with age. In urban areas, the lung cancer was ranked the first cancer death causes with crude death rate of 40.98/100 000 (19 628/47 899 806), accounted for 27.29% of all cancer deaths. While in rural areas, the lung cancer was the second cancer death following liver cancer with crude death rate of 25.71/100 000 (24 365/94 760 676), accounted for 19.99% of all cancer deaths (121 905 cases). There were different death rates by different location division. Lung cancer crude death rate in east was the highest with rate of 37.85/100 000 (19 893/52 556 694) and in west was the lowest with rate of 21.76/100 000(8774/40 322 563). Crude death rate of lung cancer increased by 75.83% compared with the second survey (crude death rate was 17.54/100 000) in 1990 - 1992, increased by 464.84% compared with the first survey (crude death rate was 5.46/100 000) in 1973 - 1975, showing a significant uptrend.

CONCLUSIONLung cancer is the most important cancer affecting the health of Chinese urban residents. The mortality has been increasing significantly.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Death Certificates ; Female ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDPrevious discovery that long-term administration of pentoxifylline (PTX) to mice chronically exposed to smoke led to the development of pulmonary fibrosis rather than emphysema initiated our curiosity on whether the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, a set of signaling proteins essential to organ development and lung morphogenesis in particular were activated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.

METHODSMale BALB/c mice were randomized into four study groups: Group Sm, smoke exposure and taken regular forage; Group PTX, no smoke but taken PTX-rich forage; Group Sm + PTX, smoke exposure and taken PTX-rich forage; Group control: shamed smoke exposure and taken regular forage. Animals were sacrificed at day 120. Morphometry of the lung sections and the expressions of TGF-β(1), hydroxyproline, β-catenin, cyclin D1, T cell factor 1 (Tcf-1) and lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (Lef-1) mRNA, etc, in the lung homogenate or in situ were qualitatively or quantitatively analyzed.

RESULTSAs expected, smoke exposure along with PTX administration for 120 days, lungs of the mice progressed to be a fibrosis-like phenotype, with elevated fibrosis score (3.9 ± 1.1 vs. 1.7 ± 0.6 in Group Sm, P < 0.05). TGF-β(1) (pg/g) (1452.4 ± 465.7 vs. 818.9 ± 202.8 in Group Sm, P < 0.05) and hydroxyproline (mg/g) (5.6 ± 0.6, vs. 2.4 ± 0.1 in Group Sm, P < 0.05) were also consistently increased. The upregulation of β-catenin measured either by counting the cell with positive staining in microscopic field (17.4 ± 7.9 vs. 9.9 ± 2.9 in Group Sm, P < 0.05) or by estimation of the proportion of blue-stained area by Masson's trichrome (11.8 ± 5.6 vs. 4.7 ± 2.4 in Group Sm) in Group SM + PTX was much more noticeable as than those in Group Sm. The expression of β-catenin measured by positive cell counts was correlated to TGF-β(1) concentration in lung tissue (r = 0.758, P < 0.001). PTX per se caused neither fibrosis nor emphysema though expression of β-catenin and downstream gene cyclin D(1) may also be altered by this medication.

CONCLUSIONSPTX mediated transformation of pulmonary emphysema into pulmonary fibrosis under chronic cigarette smoke exposure is associated with upregulation of β-catenin and elevation of TGF-β(1), implying that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.

Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Pentoxifylline ; pharmacology ; Pulmonary Emphysema ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Pulmonary Fibrosis ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; genetics ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; adverse effects ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism ; Wnt Proteins ; metabolism ; beta Catenin ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo understand the current epidemiological characteristics as well as the trends of stomach cancer deaths in China.

METHODSThe data of stomach cancer mortalities in 2004 - 2005, from 158 sampling areas in the Third National Retrospective Sampling Survey of Death Causes in China, were analyzed and compared with the results from previous two national surveys.

RESULTSThe crude and age-standardized death rates of stomach cancer were 24.71/100 000 (35 250/142 660 482) and 16.16/100 000, respectively, accounted for 18.19% (35 250/193 841) and ranking third of cancer causes in the national sampling areas of China in 2004 - 2005. Those crude death rate increased by 42.01% while the age-standardized death rate decreased by 8.70% compared to the results in 1973 - 1975 (17.40/100 000 and 17.70/100 000), and both decreased 1.79% and 25.74% from 1990 - 1992 (25.16/100 000 and 21.76/100 000), respectively. For urban residents of the sampling areas, the crude and age-standardized death rates of stomach cancer were 22.98/100 000 (11 005/47 899 806) and 13.63/100 000, accounted for 15.03% (11 005/71 936) of cancer causes in 2004 - 2005, which increased by 18.21% and decreased by 31.16% from 1973 - 1975 (19.44/100 000 and 19.80/100 000), and increased by 18.21% and decreased by 11.15% from 1990 - 1992 (19.44/100 000 and 15.34/100 000), respectively. While for rural residents in the sampling areas, the crude and age-standardized death rates were 25.59/100 000 (24 245/94 760 676) and 17.64/100 000, accounted for 19.89% (24 245/121 905) of cancer causes, both increased by 53.97% and 3.76% from 1973 - 1975 (16.62/100 000 and 17.00/100 000), and both decreased by 5.78% and 27.59% from 1990 - 1992 (27.16/100 000 and 24.36/100 000), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe current stomach cancer is still one of predominant cancers in China. The consistently substantial decreases in age-standardized death rates of stomach cancer might prompt the beneficial impact on reducing the risks for that cancer by the social economical development during recent decades in China.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Data Collection ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Sampling Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of nasal cavity expansion surgery on the abnormal blood supply of the cerebral arterial system.

METHODSFifty-nine inpatients with abnormal blood supply of cerebral arterial system confirmed by transcranial doppler (TCD) and chronic nasal obstructive diseases were included in this study. All patients accepted nasal cavity expansion surgery and were followed-up with TCD every month after operation until TCD became normal, or up to seven months even if the TCD was still abnormal. SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the data.

RESULTSIn all 59 patients, there were 164 TCD-abnormal cerebral arteries. Among them, 37 patients(62.71%) with abnormal TCD arteries became normal within 1 to 7 months after operation, 8 patients (13.56 %) got better, but 14 patients (23.73 %) did not improve.

CONCLUSIONSAbnormal blood flow of some cerebral arteries was possibly induced by increasing the activation of sympathetic nervous system around the vertebral arterial system, caused by chronic nasal obstruction. Nasal dilatancy surgery can improve the blood supplement of the cerebral arterial system.

Blood Flow Velocity ; Cerebral Arteries ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Humans ; Nasal Cavity ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial

To estimate the cancer incidences and mortalities in China in 2010, the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) of China evaluated data for the year of 2010 from 145 qualified cancer registries covering 158,403,248 people (92,433,739 in urban areas and 65,969,509 in rural areas). The estimates of new cancer cases and cancer deaths were 3,093,039 and 1,956,622 in 2010, respectively. The percentage of morphologically verified cases were 67.11%; 2.99% of incident cases were identified through death certification only, with the mortality to incidence ratio of 0.61. The crude incidence was 235.23/100,000 (268.65/100,000 in males and 200.21/100,000 in females). The age-standardized rates by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and by world standard population (ASR world) were 184.58/100,000 and 181.49/100,000, respectively, with a cumulative incidence (0-74 years old) of 21.11%. The crude cancer mortality was 148.81/100,000 (186.37/100,000 in males and 109.42/100,000 in females). The ASR China and ASR world were 113.92/100,000 and 112.86/100,000, respectively, with a cumulative mortality of 12.78%. Lung, breast, gastric, liver, esophageal, colorectal, and cervical cancers were the most common cancers. Lung, liver, gastric, esophageal, colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancers were the leading causes of cancer deaths. The coverage of cancer registration has rapidly increased in China in recent years and may reflect more accurate cancer burdens among populations living in different areas. Given the increasing cancer burden in the past decades, China should strengthen its cancer prevention and control.
China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Registries

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare globally but common in China and exhibits a distinct ethnic and geographic distribution. In 2009, the National Central Cancer Registry in China provided real-time surveillance information on NPC. Individual NPC cases were retrieved from the national database based on the ICD-10 topography code C11. The crude incidence and mortality of NPC were calculated by sex and location (urban/rural). China's population in 1982 and Segi's world population structures were used to determine age-standardized rates. In regions covered by the cancer registries in 2009, the crude incidence of NPC was 3.61/100,000 (5.08/100,000 in males and 2.10/100,000 in females; 4.19/100,000 in urban areas and 2.42/100,000 in rural areas). Age-standardized incidences by Chinese population (ASIC) and Segi's world population (ASIW) were 2.05/100,000 and 2.54/100,000, respectively. The crude mortality of NPC was 1.99/100,000 (2.82/100,000 in males and 1.14/100,000 in females; 2.30/100,000 in urban areas and 1.37/100,000 in rural areas). The age-standardized mortalities by Chinese population (ASMC) and world population (ASMW) were 1.04/100,000 and 1.35/100,000, respectively. The incidence and mortality of NPC were higher in males than in females and higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Both age-specific incidence and mortality were relatively low in persons younger than 30 years old, but these rates dramatically increased. Incidence peaked in the 60-64 age group and mortality peaked in the over 85 age group. Primary and secondary prevention, such as lifestyle changes and early detection, should be carried out in males and females older than 30 years of age.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Registries ; Rural Population ; Sex Factors ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo draw a chorochromatic atlas of mortality on China Cancer Database in order to display the geographical distribution of selected diseases in China and to identify its demographic and disease-specific patterns in the 1990's.

METHODSThe source of data was from nationwide cause-of-death surveys conducted in the 1990's. Standardized rates were computed by direct method using the population age distribution in 1964 as the standard of weights. Inverse distance weight (IDW) was applied as the method of interpolation with the help of Arcview system to draw a choropleth map of cancer mortality.

RESULTSThe IDW maps of cancer mortality shows a continuous and smooth variation, especially compared with maps drawn by filling method.

CONCLUSIONWith the application of inverse distance weight interpolation, it seemed feasible to draw continuous map of cancer on sampling data.

Cause of Death ; China ; epidemiology ; Databases, Factual ; Geography ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; mortality

OBJECTIVETo describe the mortality of colorectal and anal cancer in the Chinese population during 2004 - 2005.

METHODSMortality of colorectal and anal cancer from The 3rd National Death Retrospective Sampling Survey (2004 - 2005) were analyzed, with that the total population was 142 660 482 person-year and the number of death cases was 10 586. Crude death rate, age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population (CASR) and world standard population (WASR), the constitute proportion to all cancer deaths and rank of cancer death were calculated and compared with The 1st (during 1973 - 1975) and The 2nd (during 1990 - 1992) National Death Retrospective Surveys.

RESULTSThe mortality of colorectal and anal cancer in China was 7.42/100 000 (10 586/142 660 482) during 2004 - 2005, accounting for 5.46% of total cancer deaths and ranked the 5th leading cause of death from cancer. CASR and WASR were 4.79/100 000 and 6.57/100 000, respectively. Gender specific mortality was higher for males with 8.38/100 000 (6114/72 970 241) than for females with 6.42/100 000 (4472/69 690 241). The crude death rates were 10.01/100 000 (4796/47 899 806) in urban areas and 6.11/100 000 (5790/94 760 676) in rural areas, moreover, the crude death rates in Eastern, Middle and Western part of China were 8.67/100 000 (4558/52 556 694), 7.19/100 000 (3580/49 781 225) and 6.07/100 000 (2448/40 322 563) respectively. Compared to the crude death rate 5.30/100 000 and CASR 4.54/100 000 during 1990 - 1992, the crude death rate and CASR from colorectal and anal cancer increased by 40.00% and 5.51%, whereas compared to the crude death rate 4.17/100 000 and CASR 4.27/100 000 during 1973 - 1975, the crude death rate and CASR had increased by 77.94% and 12.18% respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe mortality of colorectal and anal cancer has been increasing rapidly in China. The mortality is higher in males, and appears to be diverse in different areas.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anus Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Survival Rate ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEBased on the registered female breast cancer data from 1998 to 2007, to analyze the incidence of female breast cancer during the period and then to predict its trend from 2008 to 2015.

METHODSThe incidence data of breast cancer from 1998 to 2007 were sorted from National Cancer Registry Database, including 74 936 cases from urban areas and 8230 cases from rural areas, separately covering 164 830 893 and 55 395 229 person years. The crude incidence rates in urban and rural areas were calculated, and the age-standardized rate (ASR) was adjusted by World Segi's population composition. JoinPoint software was applied to analyze the 10 years' incidence trend and calculated the annual percentage of changing (APC), while Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian Model was used to fit the data and predict the incidence of breast cancer between 2008 and 2015.

RESULTSFrom 1998 to 2007, the incidence of breast cancer in the urban cancer registration areas was 45.46/100 000 (74 936/164 830 893), whose ASR was 31.28/100 000. While in rural registration areas, the incidence and ASR was 14.86/100 000 (8230/55 395 229) and 12.13/100 000. The breast cancer incidence in urban and rural areas separately rose from 36.17/100 000 (3920/10 838 355) and 10.39/100 000 (436/4 197 806) in 1998 to 51.24/100 000 (11 302/22 057 787) and 19.61/100 000 (1475/7 522 690) in 2007. During the 10 years, the breast cancer incidence increased both in urban and rural areas, but the increase rate in rural incidence (6.3%) was more significant than it in urban areas (3.9%). Age-Period-Cohort Bayesian Model predicted that the breast cancer incidence would increase to 53.87/100 000 (185 585 new cases) in urban areas and 40.14/100 000 (132 432 new cases) in rural areas, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe breast cancer incidence has been increasing annually both in urban and rural areas in China; and an annually increase number of new cases have been predicted.

Breast Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Registries ; Rural Population ; Urban Population