Objective To study the reaction mechanism of ginsenosides in red ginseng processing. Methods The major constituents of ginsenosides were assigned by HPLC/MS/MS data. Ginsenosides (including protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, and oleanolic acid type) of white ginseng and red ginseng were compared by HPLC/MS data. Results Ginsenosides were produced from esterolysis of corresponding malonyl ginsenosides in red ginseng processing. Another reaction of malonyl ginsenosides in red ginseng processing was decarboxylated to produce corresponding acetyl ginsenosides. Hydrolysis of glycosidic bond at C_(20) and isomerous reaction of C_(20) were the main reaction of dammarane type ginsenoside. High degree of esterolysis and glycosidic bond hydrolysis of oleanolic acid type ginsenosides all occurred during the red ginseng processing. Conclusion Great changes of ginsenosides have been obviously found in processing ginseng to red ginseng. Special constituents of red ginseng could be produced in ginseng processing.

Bone marrow mesenchyma stem cells are stem cells that occupy self-renewal and multiple differentiations into cells,which have been recognized as the optimal origin for liver cell.With an increasing number of studies addressing marrow mesenchyma stem cells,more attention has been drawn to treating liver disease using the stem cell and organ reconstruction,especially seeks for the appropriate in vitro induction system.This paper comprehensive summarized the differentiation characteristics of marrow mesenchyma stem cell under many kinds of micro environment,and explains the superiority,as well as existence question of each kind of induction condition.

Objective To investigate serum procalcitonin(PCT)and C-reactive protein(CRP)and clinical significance of changes in children with pneumonia.Methods 123 cases of childhood pneumonia included 48 cases of bacterial infection,mycoplasma infection in 36 cases,39 cases with viral infections,40 cases of physical healthy children were selected as the control group.They were measured in serum PCT and CRP content of the correlation between test results and analysis of clinical final diagnosis.Results The level of PCT in Bacterial pneumonia group, Mycoplasma pneumonia group and viral pneumonia group were (5.80 ±1.92)μg/L,(0.45 ±0.15 )μg/L and (0.32 ±0.17)μg/L,respectively,significantly higher than control group(0.19 ±0.10)μg/L(t =5.37,3.41,1.23, all P <0.05);the level of CRP in Bacterial pneumonia group,mycoplasma pneumonia group and viral pneumonia group were(45.34 ±13.35 )mg/L,(28.63 ±11.37)mg/L and (8.19 ±2.07)mg/L,respectively,significantly higher than control group(3.85 ±1.31)mg/L(t =5.37,3.41,1.23,all P <0.05);serum PCT sensitivity to detect pneumonia children,specificity and the positive predictive were 93.56%,82.35% and 69.25%,respectively,higher than serum CRP diagnosis of pneumonia sensitivity,specificity and positive predictive(χ2 =4.41,5.83 and 7.62, respectively,all P <0.05).Conclusion Serum PCT and CRP measurement can be used as an auxiliary to identify indicators of childhood pneumonia,the diagnosis of pneumonia in children has important clinical significance.

Objective To evaluate rhBMP-2/20%β-TCP/PDLLA complex biological properties.Methods Preparation of casting salting was carried out using three-dimensional porous 20% rhBMP-2/β-TCP/PDLLA. 24 4-month-old healthy male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into A,B groups of 12,according to the method described in Boden production L4,5 intertransverse process fusion model. A group was embedding rhBMP-2/20%β-TCP/PDLLA complex,and B group was implanted autogenous iliac bone block. Animals were killed according to postoperative time(3 weeks,6 weeks, 12 weeks) ,for gross observation, X-ray observation of the formation of new bone, artificial bone degradation, and early histological manifestations. Results Composite artificial bone and autologous iliac bone graft were able to achieve good spinal fusion,artificial bone graft where there is no inflammatory response,but also in new bone formation,while reshaping the gradual degradation of carrier material. Conclusions 20%β-TCP/PDLLA showed good biocompatibility. Its structure and micro-environment created by its degradation were conducive to play a role for the rhBMP-2. β-TCP/PDLLA had strong activity in inducing bone and good bone fusion ability,and it was a promising bone graft substitutes, which fusion power was stronger than that in autologous iliac bone graft.

The‘prevention and early treatment of diseases’conception as‘Huangdi Neijing’suggested,is the highest academic realm among the Chinese medical theory,it flows through the entire process of Chinese medical theory and diseases prevention.Four aspects of the prevention conception manifested in the process of Chinese medical prevention of diseases are: Taking preventive measures before confirmed diagnosis(health cultivation),impeding diffusion after confirmed diagnosis, deterring diffusion from deterioration,and restraining deterioration from being malignant.The malignant causal chain conversion of the coexistence of asthenia and sthenia is considered as the inducing links of critical illness’occurrence,evolution and transformation.Therefore,to intercept the malignant causal chain conversion comes to the key technique of Chinese medical remedy for critical illness.The‘prevention and early treatment of diseases’conception must impenetrate the versal process of treating critical illness.The overall clue and method of Chinese medical remedy for critical illness is to identify and grasp the vital contradiction and each respect of the malignant causal chain conversion which concurs with the evolution of the critical illness,simultaneously utilize the method which combined the prevention in etiology and pathogenesis with the remedy in etiology and pathogenesis,then actuate the pathologically changed organism to extricate from critical conditions at the first opportunity, finalizing with convalescence and recuperation thereafter.

When entering the clinical teaching phase,the last step before graduation and assignation,medical students are given more chances to contact with the society.This is an important period that the educators should care more about and communicate more with the students in order to foster their career mentality.Our suggestions are as follows,1.Emphasizing the clinical ability.The basic clinical skills are the premise and guarantee that a medical student is able to diagnose and cure,and also the main content of quality education and evaluation for medical students,2.Emphasizing the formation of the research-type learning habit and the innovative thinking modes.The cultivation of the research-type learning ability is a symbol of innovative talent,as well as an essential quality.An innovative thinking training consists of different thinking,converse-thinking,role-changing thinking,divergent thinking and critical thinking.3.Must correctly deal with the relationships between having a clinical training or preparing for the postgraduate entrance examination and getting a job.The educators should help the student form virtues of professional dedication,diligence and positive learning attitudes,strengthen their sense of social responsibility and obligation,and establish correct world outlook,outlook on life and values.4.Must enhance the nurturance of medical students' professional ethics.In the clinical practice,the students' behavior must be regulated.What's more,they should learn to be a qualified doctor who respect,be responsible for and care for the patients.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic significance of ultrasonic bone mineral density measurement in infant rickets.Methods A total of 120 cases of rickets in children and 120 healthy infants were divided into three groups according to age,＜ 1 year group,1-2 years group,＞ 2 years group,who were subjected to determination of ultrasonic bone mineral density.The Z value and percentage of bone mineral density via ultrasound detection among different groups were compared.Results There were statistically significant differences in Z value and the percentage between each age group of infant rickets and healthy children according to bone mineral density via ultrasound detection (P ＜ 0.05).No significant differences in Z value and the percentage between each age group of male and female children of infant rickets through ultrasound detection (P ＞0.05).Conclusions The ultrasonic bone mineral density detection in the diagnosis of infant rickets had advantages of sensitivity,specificity,convenient detection,painless,noninvasive and easy popularization,which plays an active role in the early diagnosis and treatment of rickets,itis worth in clinical application.

Objective To quantitatively evaluate the thickness of the buccal cortical bone in the posterior region of the maxillary for orthodontic micro‐implants in children .Methods Forty children (20 males and 20 females) in permanent dentition with Class Ⅱdivision 1 malocclusion were selected .The maxillary posterior alveolar bones of the subjects were scanned and reconstructed by cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) .The thickness of the cortical bone between the dental roots of the second upper premolar and the first upper molar at the height of 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 mm from the alveolar crest were determined .The data were analyzed sta‐tistically .Results The thickness of the cortical bone between the second upper premolar and the first upper molar was minimum at the height of 4 mm from the alveolar crest(P<0 .05) .The thickness of the cortical bone increased along with the distance increas‐ing from the alveolar crest at the height of 5 mm .The cortical bones in male were significantly thicker than those in female at the height of 7 ,8 ,9 mm (P<0 .05) .Conclusion The thickness of the buccal corticalbone in children in permanent dentition with ClassⅡ division 1 malocclusion changes with the measured vertical position .Micro‐implant anchorage is better to be placed in the area with a distance of 5 mm from the alveolar crest .

Objective To study the effect of Ghrelin on food choice of rats.Methods Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group,0.1 nM Ghrenlin group and 1.0 nM Ghrenlin group,and 8 rats in each group.0.2 μl arificial cerebrospinal fluid were injected into the lateral ventricle in control group,and the same volume 0.1nM and 1.0 nM Ghrelin were done in 0.1 nM Ghrenlin group and 1.0 nM Ghrenlin group respectively.The changes of food intake,feeding interval,and torlerance of different flavors of food intake were observed.The SCH23390,an antagonist of dopamine D1 receptor,was used to explore the mechanisms of Ghrelin.Results The rats' food consumption increased significantly and the intake intervals reduced dose dependently after injecting Ghrelin into the lateral ventricles (P＜0.05 ～ 0.01).Compared with normal liquid food,the rats' intake of food added with quinine was reduced((16.73±5.21)ml vs (23.47±9.46)ml,P＜0.01),and injecting Ghrelin into the lateral ventricles could not reverse this effect ((13.74±3.29) ml vs (16.73±5.21)ml,P＞0.05).Mter injecting Ghrelin,the rats' intake of liquid food added with sugar increased in a dose dependent manner(P＜0.05 ～ 0.01),and higher than the food intake of fasted rats ((59.24 ± 17.32) ml vs (38.13 ± 10.98) ml,P＜ 0.05).The food intake reduced obviously after injecting SCH23390 ((22.69±6.54) ml vs (28.21±7.35)ml,P＜0.05).But the rats' food intake was significantly lower after injecting SCH23390 ± Ghrehn than the rats only injected of Ghrehn ((3Z44±10.62)ml vs (65.81±13.47)ml,P＜0.05).Conclusion Ghrelin can affect the food choice of rats,and dopamine may be involved in the regulation of this process.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Diabetes Complications ; microbiology ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Urinary Tract Infections ; microbiology ; therapy