Epilepsy is one of the five major neuropsychiatric diseases on which the World Health Organization focuses. New treatment methods are emerging, such as neuromodulation and radiofrequency ablation to remove lesions and precise treatment for gene mutation. However, antiepileptic drug therapy is still the first choice mostly. Since potassium bromide was applicated in epilepsy in 1857, which opened the prelude to the development of modern antiepileptic drugs, more than 20 kinds of antiepileptic drugs have been used in clinical practice. This article reviews the present status and future development of antiepileptic drugs at home and abroad.

Facial anthropometry has profound importance in clinical diagnosis and the recognition of abnormal facial features. With the development of anthropometry, facial anthropometry has emerged as an independent research field and is widely applied in disciplines such as plastic surgery and cranio-maxillofacial surgery. This paper reviews the evolution of facial anthropometry and discusses its future trends in the context of artificial intelligence (AI). Currently, 3D facial imaging technology can accurately capture and reconstruct the three-dimensional morphology of facial soft tissues, and enhance the precision and objectivity of measurements, thus becoming the new "gold standard" for facial anthropometry. It not only provides reference for disease diagnosis and surgical planning but also plays a crucial role in evaluating cosmetic outcomes and aging research. In recent years, AI technology has developed rapidly, enabling direct recognition of abnormal facial features. Although facial recognition systems based on two-dimensional images are relatively mature, they have to struggle to fully capture facial features as they are limited by the dimensionality of information. While three-dimensional image-based recognition boasts high accuracy, it faces challenges in the recognition and classification of abnormal facial features due to limitations in the number of training samples. The integration of AI and facial anthropometry has effectively promoted automatic recognition technology for facial landmarks, thus providing more precise and interpretable methods for assessing disease-related facial features. Future research should focus on building reliable three-dimensional facial databases to further improve the accuracy of facial recognition. Additionally, developing facial recognition systems based on small sample sizes is necessary to provide robust support for the recognition of facial features associated with rare and special diseases.

Objective To study the synergistic effect of NKX6. 1 and PDX1 in inducing differentiation of fetal liver-derived mesenchymal stem cells(FL-MSCs) into the pancreatic B cells and to explore the underlying mechanisms, so as to obtain enough islet-like body for transplantation. Methods Recombinant adenovirus vector harboring both PDX1 and NKX6. 1 genes was constructed, and the vector was used to infect FL-MSCs. Then a series of cytokines were used to induce the differentiation of infected FL-MSCs into pancreatic B cells. The expressions of PDX1, NKX6.1 gene, transcription factors NGN3, NeuroDl/Beta2, MafA as well as C-peptide were examined. Results PDX1 and NKX6. 1 were detected in FL-MSCs cells 24 h after infection; cells began to express NGN3, NeuroDl, and MafA and stably expressed pancreatic B cell related factors including insulin after induction. The expression of these molecules was in a certain order. Conclusion PDX1, NKX6. 1 combined with a series of cytokines can effectively induce FL-MSCs to differentiate into pancreatic islet B cells in vitro, which might be through activation of transcription factors NGN3, NeuroDl, and MafA in turn, inducing FL-MSCs to differentiate towards endocrine precursor cells, B endocrine precursor cells and B cells in turn.

Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO), as the contrast agent of MRI, possesses two major properties: long half time in the plasma and specific binding with macrophages. Compared with gadolinium, widely-used in clinic presently, USPIO has its unique advantages in diagnosis of central nervous system diseases, though which still need further clinical verification. This article reviews the application of USPIO in MRI diagnosis of some central nervous system diseases.

AIM: To study the inhibitory effect of captopril on retinal neovascularization (RNV).METHODS: Sixty seven-day-old mice were randomly divided into treated group and control group with thirty mice in each group. These mice were exposed to 750 50mL/L oxygen for 5 days and then to room air.The treated group had been injected captopril (2.7mL/kg), while control group had been injected 9g/L sodium chloride (2.7mL/kg) by intravitreal for 5 days.The mice were sacrificed at the 17th day after birth and the eyes were enucleated. Adenosine diphosphate-ase(ADPase) stained retina flat-mounts was performed to assess the retinal vascular profiles, Hematoxylin Eosin (HE)staining method was applied to count the number of new vascular cell nuclei and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)and pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF)was detected by immunohistochemical method.RESULTS: Comparing with control group,regular distributions and good branch and reduced density of RNV were observed in the treated group. The number of nucleus of new vessels vascular endothelial cells breaking through the internal limiting membrane was less in the treated group than in the control group (P<0.05). Stain of retinal MMP-2 was weaker in the treated group than in the control group and stain of retinal PEDF was stronger in the treated group than in the control group.CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of captopril (2.7mL/kg) may block the RNV in the oxygen-induced mouse model and may provide an effective method for prevent-ing RNV.

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of imging techniques in diagnosis of corticosteroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head(ANFH).Methods Twenty seven patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head due to long-term corticosteriod treatment were analysed retrospectively.There were 16 femal and 11 male,ranged in age from 20 to 46 years(mean age 35.6 years).The course of disease was 1～5 years.The administration of corticoid orally was 60～25 mg/d taken on 6 months to 5 years.ANFH was appeared 3 months to 2 years after the administration of corticoid.The imaging examinations included radiography in 20 cases,MRI in 15 cases,both radiography and MRI in 10 cases and CT in 8 cases.8 cases were confirmed by operation and pathology.Results 7 femoral heads in 6 cases with early-ANFH were diagnosed by X-ray,21 femoral heads in 15 cases with early-ANFH were diagnosed by MRI and 11 femoral heads in 7 cases were by CT,19 femoral heads showed a typical “line sign”on MRI.Conclusion The “line sign” on MRI is regarded as the characteristic finding in early-ANFH.MRI is the most sensitive method in the early-diagnosis of the corticosteroid-induced ANFH and it can provide important evidence for clinical management.

Objective To investigate the method and influencing factors of laser treatment in the removal of complicated tattoos.Methods 1280 patients with tattoos were treated by Versapulse four wavelength laser system.According to different colors,we selected different energy parameters and wavelength.Results All the 1280 patients got satisfied results after the therapy. The response was mainly related with the composition of their tattoos' color, as well as the proper choosing of laser wavelength and parameter.Conclusions According to feature of different tattoos,selecting reasonable wavelength and therapeutic parameters to treat the complicated tattoos can obtain better efficacy.

ObjectiveTo study the mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on treatment of the late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR). MethodsSixty-one pregnant women, who were first diagnosed as FGR after 32 weeks, were voluntarily devided into group-A (Routine management, n=28) an d group-B (HBO combined with routine management, n=33). Thirty cases of normal pregnant women were served as control group, called group-C (n=30).Results(1)Before treatment, the values of umbilical artery systolic/diastolic Ratio (S/D), pulse index (PI), resistant index (RI) and the blood viscosity at the low shear rate (LBV) of both group-A and group-B were significantly higher than those of group-C, P

Objective To observe the protective effect of levo-anlodipine on the calcium overload in the anoxic myocardial cells. Methods Myocardial cells were cultured, and in vitro model of anoxic myocardial cells was established. Fura2/am fluorescent probe was used to measure the free calcium concentration of the myocardial cells by spectrofluorometer. The expression of Ca~2+ ATPase of cellular membrane was detected by RT-PCR, and the content of calcium pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum was measured by western blot. Results The levo-anlodipine could decrease the free calcium concentration of the anoxic myocardial cells markedly(359.06?75.00nM), and increase the expression of Ca~2+ ATPase of cellular membrane and the content of calcium pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the anoxic myocardial cells. Conclusion Levo-anlodipine could enhance the resistance to calcium overload in anoxic myocardial cells through increasing the expression of Ca~2+ ATPase.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of tension-free hernioplasty with three operative methods, and analyze the reasons of complications. Methods All Chinese articles dealing with the tension-free hernioplasty included in CNKI from 1997 to 2004 were collected, and divided into three groups according to different operative methods, the clinical efficacy of which was compared. Results The frequecy of foreign matter feel in the Rutknow group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups (P