15 mg/m3, 9.1% at CO concentration of

Objective To study the safe drinking duration of purified drinking water of water dispensers, the relationship between the sanitary quality of purified drinking water and the structure of the water dispensers. Methods 30 drinking water dispensers were collected from the market and divided into 3 groups based on the structural types. A following-up experimental observation for the changes of the microbiological indexes of the water samples from the taps of water dispensers with different structures during the different prolongating operating period was carried out. Results The safe drinking duration was ≤ 4 days for the purified drinking water sampled from the taps of the water dispensers with common type at the normal atmospheric temperature and ≤ 14 day for water dispensers with bacterial inhibition type. The sanitary quality of the purified drinking water sampled from the taps of water dispensers was associated with the structural type of water dispensers, but not the brands of water dispensers. Conclusion The experimental results of the water samples collected from the taps of water dispensers with bacterial inbibition type at normal atmospheric temperature was better in quality than those of common type. The water dispensers with bacterial inhibition type provided with hygienic licence should be better recommended to choice.

Objective To investigate and explore the awareness and willingness of breast cancer screening between Han and Mongolian women in Ordos, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and to analyze the influence factors. Methods The patients answered investigation questionnaires face to face, and the content of questionnaire included demographic information, breast cancer awareness and relevant affecting factors on the awareness and willingness. Results 11162 (88.2 %) Han women and 1495 (11.8 %) Mongolian women were enrolled in the survey, with the average age of (45.4 ±7.1) years old and (45.4 ±6.8) years old. The education level (high school and above) of Han women was lower than that of Mongolian women [4456 women (40.0%) vs. 750 women (50.2%), χ2= 57.041, P< 0.001]. The Main way to delivery information on breast cancer screening in Han and Mongolian women was from their family members or friends [5002 women (44.9%) vs. 688 women (46.1%),χ2=40.699, P<0.001]. The proportions of never attending screening in the Han and Mongolian women were 41.7 % (4640 women) and 45.9 % (683 women), respectively (χ2=14.075, P=0.001). The breast self-examination rate of Han women were higher than that of Mongolian [71.1 % (7926 women) vs. 58.5 % (872 women), χ2= 98.466, P< 0.001]. According to logistics regression analysis, the cognitive level of women with high education level and breast disease history was higher (all P<0.001). Conclusions The cognitive level of breast cancer screening in Han women is better than that in the Mongolian, however, the overall level are low. It is necessary to strengthen the propaganda and education, and to encourage women to actively participate in breast cancer screening.

Objective:Evaluation of the clinical value of the BioPerfectus multiplex real time (BMRT)-HPV for cervical cancer screening.Methods:Physician-collected specimens of 1 495 women who were positive of Cobas 4800 HPV (Cobas-HPV), HPV genotyping based on SEQ uencing (SEQ-HPV), and (or) cytology ≥low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) in the primary screening of Chinese Multiple-center Screening Trial (CHIMUST), and 2 990 women selected from those who were negative of primary screening in the same project through nested control randomization with age-matching were tested for BMRT-HPV, which reported type-specific viral loads/10 000 cells in each specimen. With comparing to Cobas-HPV results and taking cervical histopathological diagnosis as the endpoint, the concordance of high-risk (HR)-HPV subtypes among the three assays was explored ,and the sensitivity and specificity of BMRT-HPV for cervical cancer screening were evaluated.Results:(1) The overall agreenment of HR-HPV subtypes between BMRT-HPV and Cobas-HPV, or SEQ-HPV test sample was 94.8%, 94.4%, with Kappa values 0.827, 0.814. (2) The sensitivity and specificity for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) Ⅱ + of BMRT-HPV, Cobas-HPV and SEQ-HPV were 92.62%, 94.26%, 93.44% and 84.67%, 83.25%, 82.76%, respectively. There were no significant difference in sensitivity among the three HPV assays (all P>0.05), but the specificity of BMRT-HPV for CIN Ⅱ + was higher than those of Cobas-HPV and SEQ-HPV ( P<0.01). The sensitivity for CIN Ⅲ + of three HPV assays were all 100.00%, and the specificity for CIN Ⅲ + of BMRT-HPV was higher than those of Cobas-HPV and SEQ-HPV (83.40% vs 81.95%, 83.40% vs 81.50%; P<0.01). The number of pathological examinations of colposcopy for cervical biopsy detected in 1 case of CIN Ⅱ + or CIN Ⅲ + in BMRT-HPV was less than those in Cobas-HPV and SEQ-HPV ( P<0.01). When using HPV 16/18 + cytology ≥atypical squamous cell of undetermined signification (ASCUS) to triage HPV positive women among three assays, there was no different in the sensitivities of detecting CIN Ⅱ + and CIN Ⅲ + ( P>0.05). The specificity BMRT-HPV was slightly higher than those in Cobas-HPV or SEQ-HPV (all P<0.05), and the colposcopy referral rate was lower than those in Cobas-HPV and SEQ-HPV (all P<0.05). Conclusions:BMRT-HPV is as sensitive as Cobas-HPV or SEQ-HPV for primary cervical cancer screening, and has higher specificity. Therefore it could be used as a primary screening method for cervical cancer, which is worthy of clinical application.

Objective: To understand the infection rate and genotype distribution of high risk-human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and the detection rate of different grades of cervical lesions in Han and Mongolian women in China and provide evidence for the development of screening and vaccination strategies for the prevention and control of cervical cancer in different ethnic groups. Methods: In June 2017, a multicenter, population-based study for cervical cancer screening in low-resource settings in China was conducted in three rural areas: Xiangyuan and Yangcheng counties in Shanxi province, and Etuoke county in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A total of 9 517 women aged 30-65 years were included in the study, and two cervical and vaginal secretion samples were collected from them for HPV and PCR-based HPV DNA tests. The positive samples in any of two tests were used for PCR-based HPV genotyping test by using Sansure-pioneered One-Step Fast Release technology. Women with positive results in any the HPV tests were referred for colposcopy and punch biopsy was given if cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesion (low-grade lesion or worse) was suspected in colposcopy evaluation. Endocervical curettage was performed if women had an unsatisfactory colposcopy exam (the squamocolumnar junction was not completely visible). Pathological detection result was used as the golden standard of diagnosis. Results: HR-HPV infection rates in Han and Mongolian women were 21.83% (1 842/8 438) and 24.93% (269/1 079), respectively. There were statistical differences in HPV infection rates between the two ethnic groups (χ²=5.328, P=0.021). The detection rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 in Mongolian women (2.83%) was higher than that in Han women (0.87%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=33.509, P<0.001). There were no significant differences in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse detection rate between the two ethnic groups [Mongolian woman: 1.04% (11/1 059), Han Woman: 0.95% (80/8 378), χ²=0.069, P=0.793]. Among Han and Mongolian women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse, the three most common HR-HPV types were HPV16, HPV52 and HPV58. There was no significant difference for multiple infection rate between Han and Mongolian women (41.37% vs. 44.35%, χ²=0.764, P=0.382). Conclusions The results show that HPV infection rate in Mongolian women was higher than that in Han women. Close attention should be paid to HPV16, 52 and 58 in the prevention and control of cervical cancer in Han and Mongolian women.