Objective To design a kind of aseptic drainage device with safe practice and accurate measurement for clinical nurses. Methods The experiment group included 63 cases using drainage device with accurate measurement,and control group included 63 cases using disposal drainage bag with scale of visual measurement.The accuracy of drainage liquid measurement was compared between two groups,and bacterial culture was made for the drainage liquid of two groups.Results The measurement error of experiment group and control group was(3.31±1.8)mL and(56.0±5.8)mL,respectively.The difference was significant(t=-4.593,P<0.01).The bacterial culture results showed no obvious difference between two groups(positive rate were 15.9%vs 17.5%,χ2=0.057,P>0.05). Conclusion The accurately measured aseptic drainage device is convenient for nurses to practice in clinics,and its application can reduce workload of nurses and decrease the occurrence of pollution.

The shape and structure of granules are controlled by the granulation process, which is one of the main factors to determine the nature of the solid dosage forms. In this article, three kinds of granules of a traditional Chinese medicine for improving appetite and promoting digestion, namely, Jianwei Granules, were prepared using granulation technologies as pendular granulation, high speed stirring granulation, and fluidized bed granulation and the powder properties of them were investigated. Meanwhile, synchrotron radiation X-ray computed micro tomography (SR-µCT) was applied to quantitatively determine the irregular internal structures of the granules. The three-dimensional (3D) structure models were obtained by 3D reconstruction, which were more accurately to characterize the three-dimensional structures of the particles through the quantitative data. The models were also used to quantitatively compare the structural differences of granules prepared by different granulation processes with the same formula, so as to characterize how the production process plays a role in the pharmaceutical behaviors of the granules. To focus on the irregularity of the particle structure, the box counting method was used to calculate the fractal dimensions of the granules. The results showed that the fractal dimension is more sensitive to reflect the minor differences in the structure features than the conventional parameters, and capable to specifically distinct granules in structure. It is proved that the fractal dimension could quantitatively characterize the structural information of irregular granules. It is the first time suggested by our research that the fractal dimension difference (Df,c) between two fractal dimension parameters, namely, the volume matrix fractal dimension and the surface matrix fractal dimension, is a new index to characterize granules with irregular structures and evaluate the effects of production processes on the structures of granules as a new indicator for the granulating process control and optimization.

Objective:To observe the inhibitory effect of berberine (BBR) on the apoptosis of human retinal vascular endothelial cells (hREC) under high glucose environment.Methods:hREC was divided into blank control group (NC group), high glucose group (HG group), BBR treatment group (BN group), and BBR+high glucose treatment group (BH group). The cells of each group were cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium; 5.5 and 30.0 mmol/L glucose were added to the medium of the NC group and HG group, respectively; 5.0 mmol/L glucose and 5.0 mmol/L BBR was added to the BN group; 30.0 mmol/L glucose and 5.0 mmol/L BBR was added to the medium of the BH group. Flow cytometry was used to observe the apoptosis rate of each group. Western blotting was used to detect the relative expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 related X protein (Bax), and Cytochrome C (Cyt-C) and cysteine aspastic acid-specific protease 3 (Caspase-3) proteins in each group of cells. The difference between the two groups was tested by t test, and the difference among multiple groups was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results:The results of flow cytometry showed that compared with the NC group, the apoptosis rate of the HG group significantly increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01); compared with the HG group, the apoptosis rate of the BH group significantly reduced, the difference was statistical significance ( P<0.05). Western blot test results showed that, compared with the NC group, the relative expression of Bax and Caspase-3 protein in the HG group increased, and the relative expression of Bcl-2 protein decreased. The difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01). Compared with the HG group, the relative expression of Bax, Cyt-C, and Caspase-3 protein in BH group cells decreased, and the relative expression of Bcl-2 protein increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01). Conclusion:BBR can inhibit hREC apoptosis by affecting the expression of apoptotic protein under high glucose environment.

Objective:To understand the distribution and epidemiological characteristics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in Hunan Province.Methods:According to the audit methods and evaluation criteria specified by the National Cancer Registration Center, the registration data of CLL reported by 24 tumor registries was included. Through the research method of retrospective analysis, the selected registry data was calculated and analyzed according to the year, administrative division, urban and rural areas, gender and age.Results:A total of 104 newly diagnosed CLL patients were diagnosed in Hunan Province from 2014 to 2015, with an average annual morbidity of 0.39/100, 000. The morbidity in 2014 and 2015 was 0.39/100, 000 and 0.39/100, 000, respectively. The annual average morbidity in Zhuzhou was 0.8/100, 000, which was the highest among municipalities. The annual average morbidity in Kaifu District of Changsha was 1.65/100, 000, which was the highest among district-level administrative divisions. The morbidity of urban was higher than that of rural (Urban vs Rural, P=0.006). The male to female morbidity was 1.7∶1. The cases were mainly concentrated in the 61-70-year-old population, accounting for 33.65% of all cases (35/104). There were 64 patients died of CLL in Hunan Province from 2014 to 2015, and the average annual mortality was 0.24/100, 000. The mortality in 2014 and 2015 was 0.22/100, 000 and 0.26/100, 000, respectively. The average annual mortality in Hengyang was 0.53/100, 000, which was the highest among municipalities. The average annual mortality in Furong District of Changsha was 0.74/100, 000, which was the highest among district-level administrative divisions. The mortality of urban was higher than that of rural but with no significant difference ( P=0.006). The male to female mortality rate was 1.4∶1. The deaths were mainly concentrated in the 71-80-year-old population, accounting for 29.69% of all deaths (19/64). Conclusions:The morbidity of CLL in Hunan Province is much lower than that of European and American populations, and it mainly occurs in the elderly people. It is more common in men. The morbidity of urban is higher than that of rural and morbidity in Zhuzhou is the highest. The death of CLL patients was mainly in middle-aged and elderly population, with more males. The mortality of urban is slightly higher than that of rural and the mortality in Hengyang is the highest.

Objective:To explore the correlation between occupational stress and the current working environment of clinical nurses.Methods:The cluster sampling method was used to select clinical nurses from First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from March to September 2019 as the research objects. The research tools included nurses' general condition questionnaire, Occupational Stress Inventory Revised edition (OSI-R) and Profession Practice Environment (PPE) Scale. A total of 560 questionnaires were distributed and 540 valid questionnaires were recovered.Results:The Occupational Role Questionnaire (ORQ) score of 540 clinical nurses was (152.09±20.65) , the score of Personal Strain Questionnaire (PSQ) was (104.04±17.04) , the score of Personal Resources PPE Scale Questionnaire (PQR) was (125.84±19.75) and the total average score of PPE Scale was (3.00±0.28) . Pearson correlation analysis showed that the ORQ and PSQ scores of nurses were negatively correlated with the scores of the PPE Scale, and the PQR scores of nurses were positively correlated with the scores of PPE Scale ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The overall performance of nurses is moderate occupational stress, the sense of occupational stress of nurses is negatively correlated with the working environment, and the coping resources of occupational stress are positively correlated with their professional working environment. Managers should take targeted measures to intervene to improve the professional working environment of nurses, reduce the level of occupational stress and guide nurses to improve their professional coping skills.

OBJECTIVETo survey the acceptance and willingness-to-pay for colorectal cancer colonoscopy screening among high risk populations in urban China.

METHODSFrom 2012 to 2013, a Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) was initiated in 9 provinces, the current survey was conducted among those participants who were evaluated as "high risk for colorectal cancer" by a risk-factor-evaluation-model (community-based) and then went through a colonoscopy screening procedure (hospital-based). All the data were obtained through a questionnaire-based interview (face-to-face or self-completed), mainly focusing on the acceptance and willingness-to-pay of the participants for colorectal colonoscopy screening.

RESULTSThe current analysis included a total of 1 624 participants, with an median age of 55.0 years (P25 = 49.0, P75 = 61.0 years) and an annual income per capita of 17 thousand (range: 10-25 thousand) Chinese Yuan (CNY), 42.8% (695/1 624) of whom were males. Of all the participants, 87.0% (1 414/1 624) could totally or substantially accept the colonoscopy screening, particularly in those at higher education level (junior high school: OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22-0.52; high school OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.26-0.66; college or over OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20-0.59). Of all the participants, 13.0% (210/1 624) could not or hardly accept it, particularly in those with older age (60-69 years) (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.06-2.07), not in marriage (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.25-3.70) or with family member(s) to raise (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.17-2.20). 1 388 (85.5%) of all the participants had willingness-to-pay for a long-term colonoscopy screening service, particularly in those working in public (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.44-0.84) or enterprise sectors (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.38-0.94), but 82.3% (1 141/1 386) of whom would only pay less than 100 CNY; 14.5% (236/1 624) of total had no willingness-to-pay, particularly in those living in areas with moderate (OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 2.75-6.33) or high GDP per capita (OR = 3.26, 95% CI: 2.11-4.92), or with an absence of willingness-to-pay for colonoscopy screening (OR = 3.98, 95% CI: 2.81-5.65).

CONCLUSIONSAlthough a larger community-based colorectal cancer screening program was warranted to examine the extrapolation of these findings, it suggested that the acceptance for colorectal cancer colonoscopy screening among the selected high-risk populations was considerable. The willing-to-pay was relatively high but the amount of payment was limited, the indicated subgroups with potentially less acceptance or willingness need to be more focused in the future to reach a higher participation rate. The data will also be informative in integrating the screening service into the local health insurance system.

China ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Data Collection ; Demography ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Family ; Fees and Charges ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Insurance, Health ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population

Objective To survey the acceptance and willingness-to-pay for colorectal cancer colonoscopy screening among high risk populations in urban China. Methods From 2012 to 2013, a Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) was initiated in 9 provinces, the current survey was conducted among those participants who were evaluated as“high risk for colorectal cancer”by a risk-factor-evaluation-model (community-based) and then went through a colonoscopy screening procedure (hospital-based). All the data were obtained through a questionnaire-based interview (face-to-face or self-completed), mainly focusing on the acceptance and willingness-to-pay of the participants for colorectal colonoscopy screening. Results The current analysis included a total of 1 624 participants, with an median age of 55.0 years (P25=49.0, P75=61.0 years) and an annual income per capita of 17 thousand (range:10-25 thousand) Chinese Yuan (CNY), 42.8% (695/1 624) of whom were males. Of all the participants, 87.0%(1 414/1 624) could totally or substantially accept the colonoscopy screening, particularly in those at higher education level (junior high school:OR=0.34, 95%CI:0.22-0.52;high school OR=0.41, 95%CI:0.26-0.66;college or over OR=0.35, 95%CI:0.20-0.59). Of all the participants, 13.0%(210/1 624) could not or hardly accept it, particularly in those with older age (60-69 years) (OR=1.48, 95%CI:1.06-2.07), not in marriage (OR=2.15, 95%CI: 1.25-3.70) or with family member(s) to raise (OR=1.60, 95%CI: 1.17-2.20). 1 388 (85.5%) of all the participants had willingness-to-pay for a long-term colonoscopy screening service, particularly in those working in public (OR=0.61, 95%CI:0.44-0.84) or enterprise sectors (OR=0.60, 95%CI:0.38-0.94), but 82.3%(1 141/1 386) of whom would only pay less than 100 CNY;14.5%(236/1 624) of total had no willingness-to-pay, particularly in those living in areas with moderate (OR=4.08, 95%CI:2.75-6.33)or high GDP per capita (OR=3.26, 95%CI:2.11-4.92), or with an absence of willingness-to-pay for colonoscopy screening (OR=3.98, 95% CI: 2.81-5.65). Conclusions Although a larger community-based colorectal cancer screening program was warranted to examine the extrapolation of these findings, it suggested that the acceptance for colorectal cancer colonoscopy screening among the selected high-risk populations was considerable. The willing-to-pay was relatively high but the amount of payment was limited, the indicated subgroups with potentially less acceptance or willingness need to be more focused in the future to reach a higher participation rate. The data will also be informative in integrating the screening service into the local health insurance system.

Objective To survey the acceptance and willingness-to-pay for colorectal cancer colonoscopy screening among high risk populations in urban China. Methods From 2012 to 2013, a Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) was initiated in 9 provinces, the current survey was conducted among those participants who were evaluated as“high risk for colorectal cancer”by a risk-factor-evaluation-model (community-based) and then went through a colonoscopy screening procedure (hospital-based). All the data were obtained through a questionnaire-based interview (face-to-face or self-completed), mainly focusing on the acceptance and willingness-to-pay of the participants for colorectal colonoscopy screening. Results The current analysis included a total of 1 624 participants, with an median age of 55.0 years (P25=49.0, P75=61.0 years) and an annual income per capita of 17 thousand (range:10-25 thousand) Chinese Yuan (CNY), 42.8% (695/1 624) of whom were males. Of all the participants, 87.0%(1 414/1 624) could totally or substantially accept the colonoscopy screening, particularly in those at higher education level (junior high school:OR=0.34, 95%CI:0.22-0.52;high school OR=0.41, 95%CI:0.26-0.66;college or over OR=0.35, 95%CI:0.20-0.59). Of all the participants, 13.0%(210/1 624) could not or hardly accept it, particularly in those with older age (60-69 years) (OR=1.48, 95%CI:1.06-2.07), not in marriage (OR=2.15, 95%CI: 1.25-3.70) or with family member(s) to raise (OR=1.60, 95%CI: 1.17-2.20). 1 388 (85.5%) of all the participants had willingness-to-pay for a long-term colonoscopy screening service, particularly in those working in public (OR=0.61, 95%CI:0.44-0.84) or enterprise sectors (OR=0.60, 95%CI:0.38-0.94), but 82.3%(1 141/1 386) of whom would only pay less than 100 CNY;14.5%(236/1 624) of total had no willingness-to-pay, particularly in those living in areas with moderate (OR=4.08, 95%CI:2.75-6.33)or high GDP per capita (OR=3.26, 95%CI:2.11-4.92), or with an absence of willingness-to-pay for colonoscopy screening (OR=3.98, 95% CI: 2.81-5.65). Conclusions Although a larger community-based colorectal cancer screening program was warranted to examine the extrapolation of these findings, it suggested that the acceptance for colorectal cancer colonoscopy screening among the selected high-risk populations was considerable. The willing-to-pay was relatively high but the amount of payment was limited, the indicated subgroups with potentially less acceptance or willingness need to be more focused in the future to reach a higher participation rate. The data will also be informative in integrating the screening service into the local health insurance system.

Objective:To investigate the acceptance and attitude toward a novel fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in colorectal cancer screening among populations in China.Methods:From May 2018 to May 2019, 2 474 people aged 50-74 years were recruited from five provinces of China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan and Yunnan). The general demographic characteristics, acceptance of the new FIT technology and operational difficulties through the whole screening process were obtained through questionnaire survey. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors related to difficulties encountered in sampling stool, reading and uploading results.Results:The subjects were (60.0±6.4) years old, and female, high school of above educated, unemployed/retired/other, married and with medical insurance status of “new rural cooperative medical care (NRCMC)” accounted for 61.7% (1 526), 29.0%(718), 34.3% (849), 92.7% (2 293) and 31.3%(775), respectively. The population's acceptance of the FIT technology was 94.8%. In the process of FIT screening, the percentage of occurred difficulties in sampling stool, reading and uploading results were 33.1% (819), 46.4% (1 147) and 62.9% (1 557), respectively. The main difficulties were the uncertainty about whether the sampling operation was standard (28.0%), the inability to accurately judge the result displayed (32.5%) and the need for help without using a smartphone (44.2%). The results of multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that people aged 65-74 years old and with medical insurance status of “NRCMC” were more likely to encounter difficulties in sampling, and those who were unemployed/retired/other and living with 3 or more family members were less likely to encounter difficulties in sampling. Those aged 65-74 years old, farmers or migrant workers, and those with “NRCMC” were more likely to encounter difficulties in readingresults, and those with 3 or more family members were less likely to encounter difficulties in reading result. Those with “NRCMC” were more likely to encounter difficulties in uploading results, and those with education level of high school or above, living with more than 3 family members were less likely to encounter difficulties in uploading results.Conclusion:The acceptance of the new FIT technology is relatively high among the subjects. Age, education level, occupation, number of family members living together and medical insurance status might be related to difficulties encountered in sampling stool, reading and uploading results, and it can be further strengthened in terms of the technology and characteristics of sub-populations.

Objective:To investigate the acceptance and attitude toward a novel fecal immunochemical test (FIT) in colorectal cancer screening among populations in China.Methods:From May 2018 to May 2019, 2 474 people aged 50-74 years were recruited from five provinces of China (Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hunan and Yunnan). The general demographic characteristics, acceptance of the new FIT technology and operational difficulties through the whole screening process were obtained through questionnaire survey. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors related to difficulties encountered in sampling stool, reading and uploading results.Results:The subjects were (60.0±6.4) years old, and female, high school of above educated, unemployed/retired/other, married and with medical insurance status of “new rural cooperative medical care (NRCMC)” accounted for 61.7% (1 526), 29.0%(718), 34.3% (849), 92.7% (2 293) and 31.3%(775), respectively. The population's acceptance of the FIT technology was 94.8%. In the process of FIT screening, the percentage of occurred difficulties in sampling stool, reading and uploading results were 33.1% (819), 46.4% (1 147) and 62.9% (1 557), respectively. The main difficulties were the uncertainty about whether the sampling operation was standard (28.0%), the inability to accurately judge the result displayed (32.5%) and the need for help without using a smartphone (44.2%). The results of multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that people aged 65-74 years old and with medical insurance status of “NRCMC” were more likely to encounter difficulties in sampling, and those who were unemployed/retired/other and living with 3 or more family members were less likely to encounter difficulties in sampling. Those aged 65-74 years old, farmers or migrant workers, and those with “NRCMC” were more likely to encounter difficulties in readingresults, and those with 3 or more family members were less likely to encounter difficulties in reading result. Those with “NRCMC” were more likely to encounter difficulties in uploading results, and those with education level of high school or above, living with more than 3 family members were less likely to encounter difficulties in uploading results.Conclusion:The acceptance of the new FIT technology is relatively high among the subjects. Age, education level, occupation, number of family members living together and medical insurance status might be related to difficulties encountered in sampling stool, reading and uploading results, and it can be further strengthened in terms of the technology and characteristics of sub-populations.