Course paper grading often involves subjective factors. Teachers may introduce biases into the grading due to their preferences for certain topics, resulting in inaccurate grading results that fail to reflect the true abilities of students. Taking the grading results of the "Clinical Pharmacology" course as an example, this article investigates the analytical method for detecting topic bias in the course paper grading. A comparative analysis was performed on the differences in the scores between different topics graded by the same teacher and between the same topic graded by different teachers by calculating the vertical bias factor and the horizontal bias factor, and a scientific and feasible analytical method was established. This method can help teachers quickly discover biases in their course paper grading, thereby making the grading more objective and accurate.

Objective:To investigate the transport mechanism of punicalagin in MDCK monolayer model .Methods:The safe con-centration of punicalagin in MDCK cells was determined by CCK8 assay.Millicell -ERS was used to measure cell monolayer TEER value to determine the integrity of the cell monolayer .The effects of direction , drug concentration , time, P-gp inhibitor and EDTA-Na2 on the absorption and transport of punicalagin were studied systematically .And then the drug concentration was analyzed by HPLC to calculate the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) and efflux ratio(ER).Results: Punicalagin transport in MDCK cells was time and concentration dependent .Punicalagin showed poor absorption in MDCK cells .Papp from apical to basolateral side ( AP-BL) within the concentration range of 100-300μg· ml-1 was (6.13 ±0.12) ×10 -7 cm· s-1 , (6.96 ±0.26) ×10 -7 cm· s-1 and (5.94 ±0.10) ×10 -7 cm· s-1 , respectively .P-gp inhibitor and EDTA-Na2 could significantly increase the transport of punicalagin in AP-BL direc-tion, while the transport decreased at 4℃.Conclusion:The transport mechanism of punicalagin might be passive diffusion as the dom-inating process involving active transportation .Punicalagin is one of P-gp substrates with exocytosis and absorbed via the paracellular route.

Sulfated polysaccharides are with hydroxyl group containing sulfate radicals, which can be obtained by natural extraction or chemical modification of sulfation. Recent studies have shown that sulfated polysaccharides exhibit different levels of antitumor activ-ity, especially in comparison with those before chemical modification; therefore, they have attracted wide attention. This article briefly reviewed the domestic and foreign researches on the antitumor effects of natural sulfated polysaccharides and chemical synthesized sul-fated polysaccharides in recent years.

Objective To observe the clinical effect of ropivacaine erector spinae plane block assisting general anesthesia in lumbar spine surgery. Methods A total of 60 cases of male patients with selective lumbar spine surgery under general anesthesia were chosen and randomly divided into control group(group C) and erector spinae plane block group(group E) (n= 30).Group C was directly treated with total intravenous anesthesia.In group E,the erector spinae were blocked with 0.375%ropivacaine before skin incision.The patient's vital signs during operative period were recorded,as well as the operation time, anesthesia time,drug dosage and satisfaction of muscle relaxation.Postoperative VAS scores at 4,8,24 and 48 h were recorded. Remedied analgesic drug use,the number of PCIA press,complications such as nausea and vomiting,patients' satisfaction degree within 48 h of postoperative were all recorded. Results There were no statistical difference in the vital signs,operation section, operation time,anesthesia time and postoperative complications(all P>0.05) in two groups. Compared with group C,the dosage of propofol,rifentanyl and benzene sulfonate in group E were significantly reduced.In group C and group E,dosage of propofol was(1 526.2±134.5) mg and(1 305.8±212.8) mg;dosage of remifentanil was(2 452.2±232.5) μg and(2 076.8±311.6) μg; dosage of benzene sulfonate was(31.8±4.2) mg and (22.3±5.1) mg]( P<0.05 or P<0.01).Satisfaction of muscle relaxation in the operation area of group E was significantly increased(P<0.05).The VAS scores at 4 h and 8 h after operation in group E were all significantly reduced(P<0.01).In group E,the frequency(or total) of remediation analgesic drugs usage and PCIA compressions times were significantly reduced in 48 h after surgery(P<0.01).The satisfaction degree of the patients in group E was significantly increased(P<0.01). Conclusion Ropivacaine erector spinae plane block assisting general anesthesia in lumbar spine surgery can reduce perioperative general anesthesia drug dosage,the number of postoperative remediation of analgesic drugs,PCIA compressions times,and can improve satisfaction of operative doctors and patients with anesthesia.

Objective:To study the pharmacokinetic parameters of gastrodin nasal in situ gel ( ISG) with the base of TMC-P407-P188-carbomer, and evaluate its brain-targeting ability preliminarily. Methods:Rats were used as the model animals. The experiment group was treated with gastrodin nasal in situ gel, and the control group was treated with gastrodin solution with intravenous administra-tion. The plasma sample and brain tissue ( cerebrum and cerebellum) were taken out at the predetermined time points, and the concen-tration of gastrodin in plasma and gastrodigenin in brain tissues were determined by HPLC to draw the curve of concentration vs time. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as MRT and AUC were calculated by 3P97 software. The bioavailability F (%) and the brain-targeting index BTI were compared between the groups. Results:The concentration of gastrodigenin in the brain tissues of grastrodin in situ gel was higher than that of gastrodin solution with intravenous administration (P<0. 05). AUC of cerebrum and cerebellum both increased significantly with BTI of 2. 38 and 1. 93, respectively. MRT increased by nearly two-fold in the gel group when compared with that in the control group, and F(%) increased significantly in cerebrum and cerebellum as well. Conclusion:Gastrodin nasal in situ gel with the base of TMC-P407-P188-carbomer has promising effectiveness. Meanwhile, it can improve the brain-targeting ability of gastrodin with sustained release.

Objective:To compare the effect of lightwand guided tracheal intubation in difficult airway between waking state and intravenous anesthesia induced state. Methods:According to the random number table, 78 cases of difficult airway patients were di-vided equally into waking group and intravenous anesthesia induction group . The changes of vital signs, the time of tracheal intubation and the extubation complications after 1 h were compared between the groups. Results:Compared with the corresponding values of the waking group, the blood pressure and heart rate before and after the tracheal intubation significantly increased in the intravenous anes-thesia induction group (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). In the same group, the blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly after the tracheal intubation when compared with those before the treatment (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). Compared with that in the intravenous an-esthesia induction group, the time of tracheal intubation was significantly shorter in the waking group (P<0. 01), and the 24h postop-erative anesthesia satisfaction was improved significantly (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Compared with intravenous anesthesia induction, waking lightwand guided tracheal intubation in the patients with difficult airway has more advantages.

Objective:To study the in vitro transdermal permeability of nifedipine nanoemulsion ( NFNE) containing different per-meation enhancers to lay foundation for the development of transdermal nifedipine preparation. Methods: Franz diffusion cells were used to study the transdermal enhancement of NFNE with different transdermal enhancers ( Azone, oleic acid, TMC20, TMC40, TMC60). Results:The in vitro transdermal effect of NFNE was better than that of nifedipine (NF). The order of in vitro transdermal permeation enhancement was as follows: azone > oleic acid > TMC60 > TMC40 > TMC20, while the water-soluble transdermal permeation enhancers had faster effect. Conclusion:For NFNE, fat-soluble transdermal permeation enhancers have better effect.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography and CT in the diagnosis of adrenal tumors,and to provide reference for clinical diagnosis of tumors in the future.Methods 86 cases of adrenal tumor in our hospital from July 2013 to February 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.All the patients were examined by ultrasonography and CT.The characteristics of different types of adrenal tumors were observed and analyzed,and the diagnostic accuracy was compared between the two methods.Results The coincidence rate of CT diagnosis (93.02%)was higher than that of ultrasonic imaging(84.88%),but the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 =2.899 2,P >0.05).Conclusion The coincidence rate of ultrasound imaging and CT are higher in adrenal tumors,and has significant value in clinical application,should be based on the imaging of a gradient,into the imaging system,the formation of a simple,practical and economical examination method to achieve the best diagnosis effect.

ABSTRACT Ellagitannin is a complex compound of plant polyphenols, and it is an effective substance in many commonly used natu-ral drugs. Ellagitannin has been widely used in medicine, cosmetics, food, health care products and the other fields. The article re-viewed the structure source, biological activity and metabolic outcomes of ellagitannin in order to provide basis for the in-depth resear-ches and the resource development of natural medicines rich in tannins.

ABSTRACT Ellagitannin is a complex compound of plant polyphenols, and it is an effective substance in many commonly used natu-ral drugs. Ellagitannin has been widely used in medicine, cosmetics, food, health care products and the other fields. The article re-viewed the structure source, biological activity and metabolic outcomes of ellagitannin in order to provide basis for the in-depth resear-ches and the resource development of natural medicines rich in tannins.