Objective To investigate the effects of parecoxib and morphine on remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia in patients undergoing orthopedic operation. Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 20-62 yr, weighing 45-100 kg, undergoing orthopedic surgery, were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 20 each). Anesthesia was induced with midazolam, propofol, remifentanil and rocuronium. The patients were mechanically ventilated after tracheal intubation. Group Ⅰ received iv injection of morphine 0.15 mg/kg, group Ⅱ received iv injection of parecoxib 20 mg and morphine 0.075 mg/kg and group Ⅲ received iv injection of parecoxib 40 mg and morphine 0.075 mg/kg. Anesthesia was maintained with infusion of propofol and remifentanil and intermittent iv boluses of vecuronium. The emergence time, consciousness recovery time, extubation time,incidence of agitation and shivering, and VRS score at 5 min after recovery of consciousness were recorded. Pain at rest and at movement was evaluated using VAS score at 1,2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h (T1-6) after surgery and MAP andHR were recorded simultaneously. The incidence of nausea and vomiting during 24 h after surgery was also recorded. Blood samples were taken before induction of anesthesia, at the end of operation and 24 h after operation for determination of plasma concentrations of PGE2 and TNF-α. Results There was no significant difference in emergence time, consciousness recovery time, extubation time, VRS scores, MAP, HR, incidence of agitation,shivering, nausea and vomiting among the 3 groups. Compared with group Ⅰ , VAS scores at rest at T1-2 and at movement at T1-6 were significantly increased in group Ⅱ , while VAS scores at rest and at movement decreased at T1-5 in group Ⅲ (P＜0.05). VAS scores at rest at T1-6 and at movement at T1-5 were significantly lower in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅱ (P＜ 0.05). There was no significant difference in the plasma concentrations of PGE2 and TNF-α at different time points between group Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P＞0.05). The plasma concentrations of PGE2 and TNF-α were significantly lower at the end of surgery in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P＜0.05). Conclusion Preoperative iv parecoxib 40 mg and morphine 0.075 mg/kg can reduce remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia in patients undergoing orthopedic operation, and the efficacy is better than that of morphine alone.

Objective To observe the effects of pressure control ventilation with volume guar-antee (PCV-VG)on the pulmonary function during percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures in pa-tients with general anesthesia.Methods Forty patients scheduled for percutaneous nephrolithotomy were selected and randomly allocated into PCV-VG group (n =20)and volume controlled ventilation (VCV)group (n =20).For two modes of ventilation,the goal tidal volume was 6-8 ml/kg,and the respiratory rate was contralled to 12-20 bpm.PA-a O 2 ,OI,RI,Ppk,Pmean,Cst,Hct,Lac were re-corded at intubation (T0 ),1 5 min (T1 ),30 min (T2 ),60 min (T3 ),and 120 min (L4 )after intuba-tion.Results PCV-VG resulted in significantly lower PA-a O 2 ,RI,Ppk,Pmean compared with VC ventilation (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 ),and significantly higher OI,Cst versus VC ventilation (P <0.05 or P < 0.01).Conclusion In general anesthesia patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithoto-my,PCV-VG is superior to VCV in terms of lower airway pressure and more stable hemodynamics, thus protects pulmonary function.

Objective To evaluate the effect of sevoflurane postconditioning on the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.Methods Thirty-six healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 300-350 g,were divided into 3 groups (n=12 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation group (group HSR) and sevoflurane postconditioning group (group SP).Hemorrhagic shock was induced by withdrawing 40% of the total blood volume from the right carotid artery over an interval of 30 min,and 1 h later the removed blood was reinfused via the left jugular vein for resuscitation.Group SP inhaled 2.4% sevoflurane for 30 min starting from the onset of reinfusion.Mean arterial pressure was monitored and recorded at a 10 min interval.Before withdrawing blood (T0),immediately after the end of withdrawing blood(T1), at 1 h after the end of withdrawing blood(T2) and immediately after the end of reinfusion (T3),blood samples were collected from the common carotid artery for blood gas analysis.At 4 days after reinfusion,6 rats of each group were selected to detect spatial learning and memory ability by using Morris water maze test.The animals were then sacrificed,brains were removed for determination of neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 area using TUNEL.The rest 6 rats in each group were sacrificed at 72 h after reinfusion,and the hippocampus was isolated to detect the expression of CHOP by Western blot.Results Compared with group S,mean arterial pressure was significantly decreased,and lactic acid concentrations were increased at T1,2 in HSR and SP groups,and the escape latency was significantly prolonged,the percentage of time staying at the target quadrant was decreased,the number of apoptotic neurons in hippocampal CA1 area was increased,and the expression of CHOP was up-regulated in group HSR (P<0.05).Compared with group HSR,the escape latency was significantly shortened,the percentage of time staying at the target quadrant was increased,the number of apoptotic neurons in hippocampal CA1 area was decreased,and the expression of CHOP was down-regulated in group SP (P<0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which sevoflurane postconditioning improves cognitive function is related to down-regulation of CHOP expression and inhibition of apoptosis in hippocampal neurons in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of pressure-controlled volume-guaranteed (PCVVG) mode for lung protective ventilation in patients requiring one-lung ventilation (OLV) during thoracoscopic surgery.Methods Sixty patients,aged 50-70 yr,with body mass index of 18-26 kg/m2,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective radical resection of esophageal cancer performed via video-assisted thoracoscope under general anesthesia,were divided into 2 groups (n=30 each) using a random number table:volume-controlled ventilation group (group V) and PCV-VG group (group P).The ventilator settings were adjusted,with a tidal volume 10 ml/kg and respiratory rate 10-12 breaths/min during two-lung ventilation,and with a tidal volume 6 ml/kg and respiratory rate 12-16 breaths/min during OLV.The inspiratory/expiratory ratio was 1 ∶ 2,pressure restriction was 35 cmH2O,and 33％ oxygen was inhaled at 2 L/min.The end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide was maintained at 35-40 mmHg.Visual analog scale score was maintained ≤ 3 after operation.After admission to the operation room (T0) and at 1,3 and 7 days after operation (T1-3),forced vital capacity (FVC),forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1),and maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) were measured,arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis,arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure and arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) were recorded,and alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (PA-a O2) was calculated.Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score was assessed at T1,T2 and T3.The chest tube removal time and length of postoperative hospital stay were recorded.Results Compared with the baseline at T0,FVC,FEV1,MMEF and PaO2 were significantly decreased,and PA-aO2 was increased at T1-3 in the two groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group V,FVC,FEV1,MMEF and PaO2 were significantly increased,PA-aO2 and Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score were decreased,and the chest tube removal time and length of postoperative hospital stay were shortened at T1-3 in group P (P＜0.05).Conclusion PCV-VG mode can achieve lung protective ventilation,which is helpful in improving outcomes in the patients requiring OLV during thoracoscopic surgery.

Objective To evaluate the effect of conventional or goal-directed fluid management on hemodynamics in patients undergoing orthopaedic arthroscopic shoulder surgery in beach chair po-sition.Methods Thirty healthy adult patients,male 1 7 cases,female 13 cases,aged 18-65 years, weight 49-68 kg,ASA Ⅰor Ⅱ,undergoing elective arthroscopic shoulder surgery,were enrolled.Pa-tients were randomly assigned to the group R(Routine group,n = 1 5 )and the group S(SVV/CI/MAP-directed,n =1 5).All patients received 10 ml/kg of hydroxyethyl starch rapidly in group R;while in group S,if SVV > 13%,patients would receive 3 ml/kg of hydroxyethyl starch in 5 min, then the changes of each index were observed;if SVV <13% and CI< 2.5 L·min-1 ·m-2 ,given dopamine 0.5~1 μg·kg-1 ·min-1 ,until CI>2.5 L·min-1 ·m-2 .At 5 min after anesthesia induc-tion,patients were placed in a 60° upright position.The hemodynamic changes were monitored by FloTrac/Vigileo system.Heart rate (HR),mean artery pressure(MAP),cardiac index(CI),stroke volume variation(SVV),stroke volume index (SVI),were recorded on pre-induction (T1 ),post-induc-tion (T2 ),immediately after in beach chair position (T3 ),5 min after in beach chair position(T4 ),30 min after in beach chair position(T5 ),and at the end of surgery(T6 ).The duration of surgery,crys-talloid requirements,colloid requirements,urinary output,the dose of vasoactive drugs and the inci-dence of hypotension were recorded.Results Compared with T1 ,MAP,CI and SVI at T3-T5 point (after in BCP to the end of the surgery)were higher in both group(P <0.05 ).Compared with T2 , SVV in group R at T3-T5 were significantly increased (P <0.05),while SVV in group S only at T3 was slightly increased (P <0.05).Compared with group R,MAP,CI and SVI at T3-T5 were signif-icantly higher respectively,while SVV were higher at T3-T5 in group R (P <0.05).Compared with group R,the colloid requirements and total requirements in group S were significantly increased(P <0.05).Compared with group R,the doses of dopamine and ephedrine,the urinary output,the inci-dence of hypotension in group S were significantly reduced(P <0.05).Conclusion SVV/CI/MAP-di-rected fluid management is safer,more effective and renders much more stable hemodynamic than the routine fluid management.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of morphine preconditioning on myocardial ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury and the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2)in rats with chronic heart failure.MethodsForty-eight healthy male SD rats weighing 220-250 g were randomly divided into 6 groups ( n =8 each):control group (group C),sham operation group (group S),I/R group and preconditioning with low,median and high doses of morphine groups (groups MP1-3 ).Chronic heart failure was induced by iv edriamycin 2.0 mg/kg once a week for 6 weeks in groups S,I/R and MP1-3.Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) were measured using ultrasound,and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) were calculated at the end of 14th day after the end of adriamycin administration.Blood samples from the carotid artery were collected after ultrasonography for determination of the plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration.Myocardial I/R was induced by 30 min occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion at 2 day after ultrasonography in groups I/R and MP1-3.In groups MP1-3,iv morphine 0.015,0.030 and 0.050 mg/kg were repeated 3 times at 5 min interval at 30 min before ischemia respectively,while normal saline 5 ml/kg was given in group I/R.The animals were sacrificed at the end of reperfusion in groups S,I/R and MP1-3,and the hearts were removed to measure the area at risk (AAR),infarct size (IS),and IS/AAR ratio was calculated.The p-ERK1/2 expression in myocardium was assessed by Western blot.ResultsThe LVESD and plasma BNP concentration were significantly higher,while the LVEF and LVFS lower in the other 5 groups than in group C (P ＜0.01).No myocardial infarction was found in group S.The p-ERK1/2 expression was significantly lower in groups I/R and MP1 than in group S (P ＜ 0.05).IS and IS/AAR ratio were significantly lower,and p-ERK1/2expression was significantly higher in groups MP2.3 than in group I/R ( P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in IS,IS/AAR ratio and p-ERK1/2 expression between groups MP1 and I/R (P ＞ 0.05).IS and IS/AAR ratio were decreased gradually,and the p-ERK1/2 expression was up-regulated gradually in groups MP1-3 ( P ＜0.05).ConclusionMorphine preconditioning can confer cardioprotection against myocardial I/R in a dose-dependent manner in rats with chronic heart failure.Up-regulation of p-ERK1/2 expression is involved in the underlying mechamism.

Objective To investigate the effects of remifentanil postconditioning on apoptosis in hippocampal neruons in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)and the mechanism involved.Methods Twentyfour male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups(n = 6 each): sham operation group (group S);global cerebral I/R group(group I/R);remifentanil 0.6μg·kg- 1·min-1+global cerebral I/R group (group R1)and remifentanil 1.8μg·kg-1·min-1 + global cerebral I/R group(group R2).Global cerebral ischemia was induced by 10 min occlusion of bilateral common carotid combined with hypotension.In group R1 and R2,remifentanil at 0.6 and 1.8μg·kg-1·min-1 were infused for 5 min before ischemia respectively.The cognitive function was tested with Morris water maze and step-down tests from the day 3 to day 8 after reperfusion.When Morris water maze test was finished,rat brains were removed for HE staining and determination of the expression of caspase-3 in hippocampal CA1 region by immuno-histochemistry.Apoptosis in neurons in hippocampal CA1 region was detected by TUNEL assay.Results Compared with group S,the cognitive function was significantly decreased and the number of apopotic neurons in hippocampus CA1 region increased in group I/R,R1 and R2,and the expression of caspase-3 was up-regulated in group I/R(P＜0.05).Compared with group I/R,the cognitive function was significantly increased,the expression of caspase-3 was down-regulated,and the number of apopotic neurons in hippocampus CA1 region was significantly decreased in group R1 and R2(P＜0.05).Conclusion Remifentanil postconditioning can improve the cognitive function through down-regulating caspase-3 expression and inhibiting the apoptosis in hippocampal neruons in a rat model of cerebral I/R.

Objective To compare the effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine in inhibition of cardiovascular response to endotracheal intubation. Methods One hundred and twenty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 18-60 yr, weighing 45-80 kg, scheduled for upper abdominal surgery, were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups (n = 30 each): control group (group C); low, median and high doses of dexmedetomidine groups (group M1-3) .In group M1-3, 15 min before anesthesia induction, dexmedetomidine 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 μg/kg were infused over 15 min respectively, while normal saline 15 ml was given instead of dexmedetomidine in group C. After anesthesia induction, tracheal intubation was performed when the BIS value ≤ 60 and it was maintained for 5 s. The patients were mechanically ventilated. BP and HR were recorded before infusion of dexmedetomidine (T0), before intubation (T1), immediately after intubation (T2) and at 1, 3, 5 and 10 min after intubation (T3-6). Venous blood samples were also taken at the same time to measure the plasma concentrations of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE). Results Compared with T0, HR was significantly decreased at T1 in group M1-3, BP was significantly increased at T1 in group M3, and the plasma concentrations of E and NE were significantly increased at T4-6 in group C and M1(P ＜0.05). BP and HR were significantly lower at T2, while higher at T3-5 in group C and M1than at T1 (P ＜ 0.05). BP at T1-6 was significantly higher in group M3 than in group M2 (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion When the dose of dexmedetomidine reaches 0.5 μg/kg, it may effectively inhibit the stress reaction to noxious stimulation.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of dyspepsia and the relationship between dyspepsia,psychological and social factors among the college students in Naning city,and to improve the prevention and treatment of dyspepsia in this region.Methods Rome Ⅲ diagnostic questionnaire for adult dyspepsia,Chinese college student mental health scale (CCSMHS),Chinese college student psychological stress scale (CCSPSS),Chinese college student adaptation scale (CCSAS) and Chinese college student personality scale (CCSPS) were performed through interview survey in 2 580 Nanning college students.Chi square test and rank sum test were used to compared differences between groups.Correlation analysis was performed by Pearson correlation and Logisitic regression analysis.Results A total of 2 520 qualified Rome m questionnaires were recovered.The prevalence of dyspepsia in Nanning college students was 5.36％(135/2 520).The most common appearance of dyspepsia in college students were dislike of drinking tea (86.96％(100/115) vs 79.10％(1 605/2 029)),dislike of pickled food (85.22％(98/115) vs 76.29％(1 548/2 029)) and missing meals (40.87％(47/115) vs 30.31％(615/2 029)),the differences were statistically significant (x2 =4.122,4.860,5.685;all P＜0.05),while the dyspepsia was not related with drinking,smoking and taking raw,cold or spicy food (all P＞0.05).The results of multifactor regression analysis showed that the prevalence of dyspepsia was not correlated with diet.Among the twelve dimensions of psychological health,the somatization,anxiety,depression,low self-esteem,social withdrawal,sexual psychology,paranoia,force,dependency,psychotic tendencies of dyspepsia group were significantly higher than those with non-dyspepsia group (x2 =16.981,21.805,12.520,13.539,6.998,6.154,15.013,9.457,10.715,4.260,all P＜0.05).Among the seven dimensions of psychological stress,study pressure and development pressure were negative life events,and their of dyspepsia group were significantly higher than those with non-dyspepsia group (x2 =6.216,Fisher exact probability test,both P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference between two groups in the seven personality,such as active,outgoing,tenacity,rigorous,altruism,affectionate and easy-going (all P＞0.05).Among the seven dimensions of adaptation,the adaptation to campus life,emotion and career choice of dyspepsia group were significantly lower than those with non-dyspepsia group (x2 =8.223,8.148,5.713,all P＜0.05).While there was no statistically significant difference between two groups in the other four dimensions of adaption,such as relationships,learning,ego and satisfaction (all P＞0.05).The results of Logistic regression analysis in psychological health,stress and adaption of dyspepsia group and non-dyspepsia group indicated that dyspepsia was associated with somatization (odds ration (OR) =1.610,95％ confidence interval (CI) 1.012-2.559),anxiety (OR=1.955,95％CI 1.216-3.142) and the study pressure (OR=2.159,95％CI 1.106-4.213).The results of Pearson correlation analysis in study pressure,somatization and anxiety of dyspepsia group showed that both somatization and anxiety were correlated with study stress in dyspepsia group (r=0.314,0.323;both P＜0.05).Conclusions Dyspepsia is a common symptom in Nanning college students.Students with dyspepsia have different degrees of psychological problems which are mostly anxiety and somatization.And study stress as a negative event is the major stress factor.

Objective To explore the biological motion perception in Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods 45 individuals with idiopathic PD were compared with 45 matched healthy controls (HCs) using a duration discrimination task.Results The point of subjective equality(PSE) was negative value (-0.27±0.17) for health controls (HCs),and there was significant difference compared with PSE =0 by one sample t test (t=10.96,P＜ 0.01).Compared with HCs,the PSE for PD patients (-0.14±0.30) significantly decreased (t=2.63,P=0.01).When further dividing PD into early stages (stage 1-2) and late stages (stage 3-4),significant difference was found between late-stage PD patients(0.02±0.39)and HCs (t=4.07,P=0.008),but not between early-stage PD patients (-0.24±0.14) and HCs (t=0.84,P=0.405).Conclusion There is biological motion perception disorder in PD patients and it is related to the severity of PD.