Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a non-Alzheimer dementia syndrome characterized by focal atrophy of the frontal and/or temporal lobes. Recently, it has been found that FTLD is related to the degeneration of tau protein, and is closely associated with corticobasal ganglionic degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and motor neuron disease. This article reviews the progress in etiology, genetics, pathology, clinical features, and diagnostic criteria of FTLD.

OBJECTIVE:To improve hospital's drug control level.METHODS:Quantized medicine provision management aims like stock limit,conformity rate of object-account of single category,medicine loss,mistake rate of recipe preparation,etc.were made and enforced.RESULTS:Through the above aims,medicine stock has been reduced effectively;the conformity rate of object-account has been increased;the medicine loss and incidences of mistakes in recipe preparation have been decreased.CONCLUSION:Working out feasible medicine provision management aims is an effective way to strengthen drug control.

OBJECTIVE:To study the control model of hospital drug stock.METHODS:We established the control model of hospital drug stock named as"ABC rule of periodical and quantitative drug management"by combining the rule of ABC classified drug management,quantitative order drug management,and periodical order drug management.RESULTS&CON?CLUSION:The drug stock was controlled reasonably by using this control model.That ensured drug neither overstocked nor run out of,the drug stock kept within the amount of sale in20days in drug storehouse,and in25days in pharmacy.

OBJECTIVE:To establishment the working model of the drug dispensing center based on Hospital Information System(HIS).METHODS:Multi-factors including the confirmation,setting and changing of the dispensing time,the retrieval of medical order,drug stock management,drug pricing,drug returning,etc.,were analyzed with digitalization.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The working model established is convenient and practicable,and which ensures the accuracy and efficiency of drug dispensing according to medical order and drug charge collection.

Objective A major component of flow cytometry data analysis involves gating , which is the process of identifying homogeneous groups of cells .As manual gating is error-prone, non-reproducible, nonstandardized, and time-consuming , we propose a time-efficient and accurate approach to automated analysis of flow cytometry data .Methods Unlike manual analysis that successively gates the data projected onto a two-dimensional filed, this approach, using the K-means clustering results , directly analyzed multidimensional flow cytometry data via a similar subpopulations-merged algorithm.In order to apply the K-means to analysis of flow cytometric data , kernel density estimation for selecting the initial number of clustering and k-d tree for optimizing efficiency were proposed .After K-means clustering , results closest to the true populations could be achieved via a two-segment line regression algorithm .Results The misclassification rate (MR) was 0.0736 and time was 2 s in Experiment One, but was 0.0805 and 1 s respectively in Experiment Two. Conclusion The approach we proposed is capable of a rapid and direct analysis of the multidimensional flow cytometry data with a lower misclassification rate compared to both nonprobabilistic and probabilistic clustering methods .

Objective To evaluate the effects of limb ischemic preconditioning on myocardial ischemiareperfusion injury in a rat model of severe hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.Methods Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 300-350 g,were randomized into 3 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C); severe hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation group (HSR group); limb ischemic preconditioning group (group LIP).Hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation was induced by withdrawing blood (50％ of the total blood volume) from the left common carotid artery over an interval of 1 h,and 30 min later the animals were then resuscitated by infusion of the shed blood via the jugular vein over 30 min.Limb ischemic preconditioning was induced by 4 cycles of 5 min limb ischemia followed by 5 min reperfusion at 40 min before ischemia in LIP group.Before withdrawing blood (T0),immediately after the end of withdrawing blood (T1),before infusion of the shed blood (T2),and at 0,1 and 2 h after infusion of the shed blood (T3-5),mean artery pressure (MAP) was measured,the cardiac output (CO),left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and myocardial performance index (MPI) were detected using color Vivid flow imaging,and total vessel density (TVD),perfusing vessel density (PVD),proportion of perfused vessels (PPV),microvascular flow index (MFI) of sublingual microcirculation were measured using sidestream dark-field imaging.The survival rates within 72 h after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation were recorded.Results Compared with C group,MAP,CO,LVEF,TVD,PVD,PPV and MFI were significantly decreased and MPI was increased at T1-5 in HSR group and at T1 and T2 in LIP group (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with HSR group,MAP,CO,LVEF,TVD,PVD,PPV and MFI were significantly increased and MPI was decreased at T3-5,and the survival rate within 72 h was increased in LIP group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Limb ischemic preconditioning can significantly attenuate myocardial ischemiareperfusion injury induced by severe hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in rats and is helpful for prognosis.

Objective To investigate the effects of remifentanil postconditioning on apoptosis in hippocampal neruons in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)and the mechanism involved.Methods Twentyfour male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups(n = 6 each): sham operation group (group S);global cerebral I/R group(group I/R);remifentanil 0.6μg·kg- 1·min-1+global cerebral I/R group (group R1)and remifentanil 1.8μg·kg-1·min-1 + global cerebral I/R group(group R2).Global cerebral ischemia was induced by 10 min occlusion of bilateral common carotid combined with hypotension.In group R1 and R2,remifentanil at 0.6 and 1.8μg·kg-1·min-1 were infused for 5 min before ischemia respectively.The cognitive function was tested with Morris water maze and step-down tests from the day 3 to day 8 after reperfusion.When Morris water maze test was finished,rat brains were removed for HE staining and determination of the expression of caspase-3 in hippocampal CA1 region by immuno-histochemistry.Apoptosis in neurons in hippocampal CA1 region was detected by TUNEL assay.Results Compared with group S,the cognitive function was significantly decreased and the number of apopotic neurons in hippocampus CA1 region increased in group I/R,R1 and R2,and the expression of caspase-3 was up-regulated in group I/R(P＜0.05).Compared with group I/R,the cognitive function was significantly increased,the expression of caspase-3 was down-regulated,and the number of apopotic neurons in hippocampus CA1 region was significantly decreased in group R1 and R2(P＜0.05).Conclusion Remifentanil postconditioning can improve the cognitive function through down-regulating caspase-3 expression and inhibiting the apoptosis in hippocampal neruons in a rat model of cerebral I/R.

Objective To analyze the correlation between the levels of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg)and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with cervical squamous carcinoma.To study the relationship of serum SCCAg levels of patients with recurrent cervical squamous carcinoma and disease prognosis and to investigate the survival rate of patients with recurrent cervical squamous carcinoma.Method ELISA method was used to determine the serum SCCAg levels for the patients,which included 300 cases before treatment and 500 cases after treatment.Results(1)Single factor analysis indicated that,before the treatment,the serum SCCAg levels were closely related to clinical stages,lymphatic metastasis,and deep myometrial invasion (t =3.01,P ＜ O.05 ; t =6.81,P ＜ 0.001 ; t =3.01,P ＜ 0.05 ; respectively).However,they were not related to patient's age,vascular embolization and tumor growth type(t =0.77,t =1.12,t =1.06 ; respectively,all P ＞ 0.05).Multifactor logistic regression analysis showed that the pretreatment SCCAg levels of patients were related to clinical stages,cavum pelvis lymphatic metastasis and myometrial invasion(x2 =2.88,P =0.0084; x2 =2.612,P =0.0156; x2 =2.570,P =0.0171 ; respectively).(2)Overall,recurrent disease developed in 180 of the 500 patients with cervical squamous carcinoma.One hundred and sixty-one recurrent patients showed elevated SCCAg levels(161/180,89.4％).For the 60 patients who showed elevated.SCCAg levels without any clinical symptoms as well as no sign of tumors by iconography,the median time for signs of elevating levels of serum SCCAg was 2.3 months.The longest time range was 150d between the increasing levels of the tumor markers and the appearance of the imaging features of pachygyria while the patients condition was going on.The 160 patients out of the 180 cases with recurrent cervical squamous carci noma who were followed up had a median survival time of 9 months,with an average of 20 months.The total 3 year survival rate and 5 year survival rate was respectively 23.4％ and 17.8％.(3)Single factor analysis indicated that recurrent patients’clinical stages,recurrent region and recurrent post treatment SCCAg levels were closely related with patients' survival time(x2 =10.26,P＜0.005; x2 =14.65,P ＜0.005; x2 =8.97,P＜0.01; respectively).There was no statistical difference between the survival rate of recurrent patients with increased SCCAg level and patients without increased SCCAg levels(x2 =0.89,P ＞ 0.05).Multiple factor analysis indicated that the clinical stages,recurrent post treatment SCCAg levels of patients with recurrence were independent prognostic factors(x2 =10.3372,P =0.0013 ; x2 =4.3889,P =0.0362; respectively).Conclusion The pretreatment SCCAg levels are closely related to patients'clinical stages,cavum pelvis lymphatic metastasis and deep myometrial invasion.Serum SCCAg levels are important for the advanced detection of cervical squamous carcinoma recurrence and prognosis prediction.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of morphine preconditioning on myocardial ischemiareperfusion (I/R) injury and the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2)in rats with chronic heart failure.MethodsForty-eight healthy male SD rats weighing 220-250 g were randomly divided into 6 groups ( n =8 each):control group (group C),sham operation group (group S),I/R group and preconditioning with low,median and high doses of morphine groups (groups MP1-3 ).Chronic heart failure was induced by iv edriamycin 2.0 mg/kg once a week for 6 weeks in groups S,I/R and MP1-3.Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) were measured using ultrasound,and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) were calculated at the end of 14th day after the end of adriamycin administration.Blood samples from the carotid artery were collected after ultrasonography for determination of the plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration.Myocardial I/R was induced by 30 min occlusion of left anterior descending branch of coronary artery followed by 120 min reperfusion at 2 day after ultrasonography in groups I/R and MP1-3.In groups MP1-3,iv morphine 0.015,0.030 and 0.050 mg/kg were repeated 3 times at 5 min interval at 30 min before ischemia respectively,while normal saline 5 ml/kg was given in group I/R.The animals were sacrificed at the end of reperfusion in groups S,I/R and MP1-3,and the hearts were removed to measure the area at risk (AAR),infarct size (IS),and IS/AAR ratio was calculated.The p-ERK1/2 expression in myocardium was assessed by Western blot.ResultsThe LVESD and plasma BNP concentration were significantly higher,while the LVEF and LVFS lower in the other 5 groups than in group C (P ＜0.01).No myocardial infarction was found in group S.The p-ERK1/2 expression was significantly lower in groups I/R and MP1 than in group S (P ＜ 0.05).IS and IS/AAR ratio were significantly lower,and p-ERK1/2expression was significantly higher in groups MP2.3 than in group I/R ( P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in IS,IS/AAR ratio and p-ERK1/2 expression between groups MP1 and I/R (P ＞ 0.05).IS and IS/AAR ratio were decreased gradually,and the p-ERK1/2 expression was up-regulated gradually in groups MP1-3 ( P ＜0.05).ConclusionMorphine preconditioning can confer cardioprotection against myocardial I/R in a dose-dependent manner in rats with chronic heart failure.Up-regulation of p-ERK1/2 expression is involved in the underlying mechamism.

OBJECTIVE To study the influence of focused ultrasound on the morphology of nasal mucosa in sheep. METHODS A model CZB ultrasound therapeutic system for rhinitis, developed and produced by Chongqing Haifu(HIFU)Technology Co.,Ltd.,Chongqing China,was used in this study. Linear scans were performed on bovine liver in vitro under different scan parameters, and the biologic focal field(BFF)was detected to evaluate if it met the requirements of designed. The nasal mucosa of inferior turbinate of sheep was exposed with the same scan parameters under the observation of nasal endoscope, and morphological changes of the nasal mucosa were observed by gross examination, light and electron microscopes. RESULTS This study revealed that the designed biological focal field in bovine liver in vitro could be obtained under the scan parameters mentioned above. Linear scan with the same condition,there was no obvious change in appearance and color of the treated nasal mucosa in the inferior turbinate of the sheep. However,3 days after treatment,there was an increased secretion in the nasal cavity,which recovered 7 days post-treatment. Light microscopic examination 3 days after exposure showed that the epithelia of the nasal mucosa was intact and there was diffused distribution of spot coagulated necroses in the subepithelia layer of treated nasal mucosa. Degeneration of vascular endothelial cells and thrombosis of blood vessels were found in the coagulated necrosis region. Besides,degeneration or necrosis of nerve cells was induced,and glandular cells werepartially or completely damaged. The structure of epithelial goblet cells and ciliated cells in the treated nasal mucosa appeared to be normal under the observation of electronic microscope. At the seventh day after treatment,signs of tissue regeneration such as hyperplasia of collagen fiber were found in the coagulated region,and the necrosis tissue began to dissolve and was absorbed at the 14th day post-treatment. CONCLUSION Under the above scan parameters,the energy of focused ultrasound could be deposited specifically at the subepithelia layer,and to ablate the targeted nasal mucous tissues which are rich in blood vessels,nerves and glands. There were no damage to the non-target area such as epithelial layer,which could maintain the normal structure and biological function of mucociliary of nasal mucosa.