Objective To study the effects of acute weak vagus nerve stimulation on hippocampal CA1 unit discharges and field potentials of normal and epileptiform discharging rats.Methods The experiments were performed with 55 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180～250 g,SPF grade.Animals were divided into normal(n=45)and regularly epileptiform discharging(n=10)groups.The normal rat group:Separate the left neck vagus nerve and ligate the peripheral end.Acute weak electrical stimulation(10 Hz,0.5 ms,1.5～5.0 V,15～20 unit /train)were administered to the left neck vagus nerve central end.20 trains were performed with a regular interval of 5 min.Record the unit discharges of right hippocampal CA1 and field potentials of bilateral hippocampal CA1.The epileptiform discharging group:Gelatin spongia was put onto the left cortex to induce epileptiform discharges.After 30 min stable regularly discharging,continue the procedure in the first group.Results Cyclical theta oscillation(about 3～6.5 Hz)appeared in bilateral hippocampal CA1 of normal rats after the stimulation(strain m=5～7,38/45,84.4%).With oscillation,there is unit discharging.It has two kinds:theta-on(n=30)and theta-off(n=5).The sharp wave amplitude was inhibited while the sharp wave interval increased following the acute weak vagus nerve stimulation(n=10)in epileptiform discharging rats.Theta oscillation was induced during the sharp wave.With oscillation,there is tonic unit discharging(n=10).The number of action potential spikes positively correlate with the sharp wave intervals(P

Objective To observe changes in hippocampal network electrical activities in electroacupuncture regulation of abnormal cardiovascular activities and explore the central mechanism of the regulation. Method Experimental rats were randomized into three groups: normal urethane anesthesia without electroacupuncture (n=15), urethane enhanced deep anesthesia (n=9) and normal anesthesia plus anal canal pressurization (n=15). Femoral arterial pressure, cardiac electricity, hippocampal field potentials and cellular discharge were recorded in the three groups. The normal anesthesia group did not receive intervention measures. The other two groups received acupuncture intervention after successful induction of abnormal blood pressure. Result In rats with normal urethane anesthesia, sleep-like periodic hippocampal electrical activity occurred with periodic cardiovascular activities and theta oscillations was corresponding to increased heart rates. In rats with deep anesthesia and hypotension, theta oscillations appeared in hippocampal network with increased blood pressure and heart rates after electroacupuncture (P<0.001). Anal canal pressurization induced increases in blood pressure and heart rates and caused theta oscillations in hippocampal network. During that time, electroacupuncture could still activate theta-related cells, reduce blood pressure and decrease heart rates (P<0.001). Conclusion Theta oscillations in hippocampal network are involved in the bidirectional regulating effect of electroacupuncture on abnormal cardiovascular activities.

Objective To investigate the role of D-dimer in the diagnosis and evaluation of mycoplasma pneumonia.Methods The positive rate and concentration of D-dimer in mycoplasma pneumonia,bacterial pneumonia,viral pneumonia and healthy controls were detected and compared.The positive rate and concentration of D-dimer in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS)and without SIRS were observed.Changes of D-dimer concentration in patients with mycoplasma pneumonia before and 2 weeks after treatment were observed.Results Compared with bacterial pneumonia group(16.7%),the viral pneumonia group(20.0%)and healthy control group(0.0%),the positive rate of D-dimer in mycoplasma pneumonia group(41.6%)was significantly higher(x2=5.625,4.158,17.308,all P<0.05).The positive rate of mycoplasma pneumonia group with SIRS(64.0%)was significantly higher than that in other groups(x2=17.308,P<0.05).The D-dimer levels of the mycoplasma pneumonia group [(324.4±125.3)μg/L],bacterial pneumonia group[(282.3±95.4)μg/L] and viral pneumonia group[(293.1±92.3)μg/L]were significantly higher than that in the healthy controls[(72.9±22.4)μg/L](t=10.878,11.704,12.698,all P<0.05).The concentration of D-dimer[(381.4±129.4)μg/L] in the mycoplasma pneumonia group with SIRS was significantly higher than that in the other groups(t=2.668,P<0.05).Compared with before treatment,the concentration of D-dimer after treatment in the two groups was significantly lower[(129.3±65.3)μg/L,(89.7±28.6)μg/L](t=2.582,P<0.05).Conclusion The level of D-dimer in children with mycoplasma pneumonia was significantly increased,and the severity of the disease could be reflected.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of yizhi jiannao granule concentration fluid (YCF) on the expression of peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans isomerase A (Pin1) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) mRNA in the hippocampus of senescence accelerated mice Senile-Prone8(SAMP8). METHODS: Six-month old SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into a YCF group and a model group. Six-month old SAMP8 mice were served as a normal control group. The YCF group was ravaged, while the model group and the normal control group were gavaged with double-distilled water for 8 weeks. The hippocampus was taken out for examination. The expression of Pin1 and HMGB1 mRNA was measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS: In the YCF group, the level of Pin1 mRNA increased, and the level of HMGB1 mRNA decreased compared with that of the model group. CONCLUSION Yizhi jiannao granules can prevent Alzheimer's disease by increasing the Pin1 level and decreasing the HMGB1 level.
Aging ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease ; metabolism ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; HMGB1 Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE To study the influence of focused ultrasound on the morphology of nasal mucosa in sheep. METHODS A model CZB ultrasound therapeutic system for rhinitis, developed and produced by Chongqing Haifu(HIFU)Technology Co.,Ltd.,Chongqing China,was used in this study. Linear scans were performed on bovine liver in vitro under different scan parameters, and the biologic focal field(BFF)was detected to evaluate if it met the requirements of designed. The nasal mucosa of inferior turbinate of sheep was exposed with the same scan parameters under the observation of nasal endoscope, and morphological changes of the nasal mucosa were observed by gross examination, light and electron microscopes. RESULTS This study revealed that the designed biological focal field in bovine liver in vitro could be obtained under the scan parameters mentioned above. Linear scan with the same condition,there was no obvious change in appearance and color of the treated nasal mucosa in the inferior turbinate of the sheep. However,3 days after treatment,there was an increased secretion in the nasal cavity,which recovered 7 days post-treatment. Light microscopic examination 3 days after exposure showed that the epithelia of the nasal mucosa was intact and there was diffused distribution of spot coagulated necroses in the subepithelia layer of treated nasal mucosa. Degeneration of vascular endothelial cells and thrombosis of blood vessels were found in the coagulated necrosis region. Besides,degeneration or necrosis of nerve cells was induced,and glandular cells werepartially or completely damaged. The structure of epithelial goblet cells and ciliated cells in the treated nasal mucosa appeared to be normal under the observation of electronic microscope. At the seventh day after treatment,signs of tissue regeneration such as hyperplasia of collagen fiber were found in the coagulated region,and the necrosis tissue began to dissolve and was absorbed at the 14th day post-treatment. CONCLUSION Under the above scan parameters,the energy of focused ultrasound could be deposited specifically at the subepithelia layer,and to ablate the targeted nasal mucous tissues which are rich in blood vessels,nerves and glands. There were no damage to the non-target area such as epithelial layer,which could maintain the normal structure and biological function of mucociliary of nasal mucosa.

In the study of neurodegenerative diseases,a hypothesis of inflammation in central nervous system is raised:the activated microglia leads to sustained release of preinflammatory cytokines and injury of normal neural structures and function,resulting in learning and memory deficits,such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).Synapses structural disorders are responsible for deficit of synaptic plasticity;after high frequency stimulation,changes of long-term potentiation (LTP) are most obvious in synaptic plasticity,characterized by decrease of amplitude and excitatory postsynaptic potential duration.Activated microglia and inflammatory cytokines released by activated microglia,such as interleukin-1β,tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide are involved in the pathological process of LTP changes in these kinds of disease.The aim of this paper is to give a review about progress in the relations between microglia activation and LTP in neurodegenerative diseases researches in recent years and hope to have something to guide the research of neurodegenerative disease.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial disease, with social difficulties and repetitive behaviors as its core symptoms. With the improvement of diagnostic methods, the detection rate of ASD is increasing year by year.Cognitive flexibility impairment is very obvious in most autistic patients.More and more studies have shown that cognitive flexibility impairment is related to the occurrence and development of core symptoms. However, the mechanism of cognitive flexibility impairment in autism remains unclear. The frontal lobe plays an important role in advanced cognition, and its complete development is related to cognitive function. Recent studies have shown that frontal lobe dysfunction is closely related to cognitive flexibility deficits in autistic patients, and the abnormal changes in the frontal lobe, the associated default mode network dysfunction and frontal striatal circuit defects may be the important mechanisms of cognitive flexibility impairment. Based on the recent clinical and basic studies on cognitive flexibility in autism, this article reviews the mechanisms of frontal lobe and related circuits involved in the impairment of cognitive flexibility in autism.

Objective:To investigate the impact of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rh-EGF) on the epithelial recovery and the tear film stability after trans-epithelial corneal collagen crosslinking in patients with progressive keratoconus.Methods:A randomized controlled clinical trail was designed.Consecutive 66 patients (37 males and 29 females) with an average age of (21.27±3.80) years old diagnosed with primary progressive keratoconus and hospitalized in Xiamen Eye Center Affiliated to Xiamen University from October, 2016 to January, 2017 were enrolled and treated with unilateral enhanced transepithelial corneal crosslinking surgery by iontophoresis, and the patients were randomly divided into control group and experimental group according to random number table method, with 33 patients 33 eyes in each group.The eyes in the control group were treated with carboxy-methylcellulose sodium lubricant eye drops and the eyes in the experimental group were treated with rh-EGF eye drops.The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionare, slit lamp examination, Schirmer Ⅰ test, corneal fluorescein sodium staining scoring, non-contact tonometry, uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, bulbar conjunctival congestion scoring, lacrimal sevretion test, non-invasive break-up time of tear film (NIBUT), as well as tear meniscus height analysis were performed before surgery, and on day 1, day 3, day 5, day 7, day 14 and day 28 after surgery.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xiamen Eye Center Affiliated to Xiamen University (No.2016-ME-003).Results:On day 7 after surgery, the OSDI values were increased in both groups than the preoperative value, while the value in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group ( P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the overall corneal epithelial staining score values between the two groups at different time points ( Fgroup=16.701, P<0.01; Ftime=454.418, P<0.01). The corneal epithelial staining score in the experimental group on day 3 and day 5 after surgery were significantly lower than those in the control group (1.79±0.65 vs. 2.70±0.68; 0.91±0.46 vs. 1.55±0.51) (both at P<0.01). The conjunctival congestion score in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group on day 3 and day 5 after surgery (both at P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the overall NIBUT values between the two groups at different time points ( Fgroup=13.084, P<0.01; Ftime=34.383, P<0.01). The NIBUT values were significantly decreased rapidly on day 7, day 14 and day 28 after surgery in both groups (all at P<0.01), but gradually recovered.The NIBUT of the experimental group on day 7 and day 14 after surgery were significantly higher than those of the control group ([8.18±2.26]seconds vs. [5.93±2.33]seconds; [9.49±1.95]seconds vs. [7.52±2.27]seconds) (both at P<0.01). No statistical differences were found in the tonometry value, visual acuity, value of Schirmer I test as well as tear meniscus height at any time point before or after surgery between the two groups (all at P>0.05). Conclusions:Recombinant human epidermal growth factor has positive effects in the patients received enhanced transepithelial corneal crosslinking surgery, presenting with promotion of epithelial healing, relief of post-operative discomfort, and the recovery of tear film stability.

Polyphyllin Ⅰ(PPⅠ)and polyphyllin Ⅱ(PⅡ)are the main active substances in the Paris polyphylla.However,liver toxicity of these compounds has impeded their clinical application and the potential hepatotoxicity mechanisms remain to be elucidated.In this work,we found that PPⅠ and PⅡ exposure could induce significant hepatotoxicity in human liver cell line L-02 and zebrafish in a dose-dependent manner.The results of the proteomic analysis in L-02 cells and transcriptome in zebrafish indicated that the hepa-totoxicity of PPⅡ and PⅡwas associated with the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway disorders,which were alleviated by the cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor lovastatin.Additionally,3-hydroxy-3-methy-lglutaryl CoA reductase(HMGCR)and squalene epoxidase(SQLE),the two rate-limiting enzymes in the choles-terol synthesis,selected as the potential targets,were confirmed by the molecular docking,the over-expression,and knockdown of HMGCR or SQLE with siRNA.Finally,the pull-down and surface plasmon resonance technology revealed that PPⅠ could directly bind with SQLE but not with HMGCR.Collectively,these data demonstrated that PPⅠ-induced hepatotoxicity resulted from the direct binding with SQLE protein and impaired the sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2/HMGCR/SQLE/lanosterol synthase pathways,thus disturbing the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway.The findings of this research can contribute to a better understanding of the key role of SQLE as a potential target in drug-induced hepatotoxicity and provide a therapeutic strategy for the prevention of drug toxic effects with similar structures in the future.

ObjectiveTo analyze the current state, research hotspots, and development trends of electroencephalography (EEG) applied in the field of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). MethodsRelevant literature from the Web of Science core collection database from January, 2014 to January, 2024 were retrieved and analyzed using CiteSpace 6.2.R4. ResultsA total of 1 509 articles were included, with an increasing trend in publication volume over the years. The United States ranked highest in both publication volume and node centrality. The primary journals in this field were concentrated in clinical medicine, immunology and psychology. Keyword co-occurrence and clustering indicated that research primarily focused on the correlation between core symptoms of ASD and EEG indicators, differential diagnosis of ASD and its comorbidities, brain functional connectivity, and assessment of rehabilitation efficacy. Keywords bursted in the past three years mainly included artificial intelligence and machine learning. ConclusionThe researches in EEG technology in the field of ASD is generally increasing. Future researches may focus on exploring the brain network mechanisms of ASD using EEG combined with multimodal neuroimaging, and machine learning technologies.