As the guiding theory for the diagnosis and treatment of encephalopathy in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， The marrow sea theory has important theoretical connotation and clinical value. This paper summarized the clinical research literature on the differentiation and treatment of common encephalopathy based on the marrow sea theory published in recent years， analyzed the treatment method and effects from eight aspects in terms of stroke， dizziness， insomnia， headache， constraint syndrome， dementia， tremor syndrome， and atrophy syndrome， and discussed the possible mechanism based on the relevant basic research. It is believed that marrow sea depletion is the common pathogenesis of encephalopathy in TCM. Guided by the method of supplementing essence and boosting marrow， the corresponding formulas and medicinals are recommended in accordance with differentiated syndromes， which can effectively improve the symptoms of the disease， delay the progression， increase the daily life ability of the patients， and improve the quality of life. Based on the marrow sea theory， the method of supplementing essence and boosting marrow， rectifying healthy qi and dispelling pathogen can be used to highlight the advantages of TCM and provide ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of encephalopathy in TCM.

The diverse nervous system diseases （NSDs） are common complex refractory systemic diseases in clinical settings， which are manifested as trigeminal neuralgia， facial paralysis， neuromyelitis optica， multiple sclerosis， stroke， vascular dementia， encephalitis B， Parkinson's disease， epilepsy， Alzheimer's disease， amyotrophic lateral sclerosis， and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Amid the accelerating population aging， the morbidity and prevalence of NSDs have been on the rise， posing a threat to quality of life of patients and bringing a heavy burden to society and individuals. This is also a challenge to the clinical prevention and treatment of the diseases. At the moment， NSDs are mainly treated with western medicine which is effective. However， in the long-term use and progression of the diseases， there are some potential risks such as adverse drug reactions， easy recurrence after withdrawal， drug dependence， and drug resistance. From the holistic view， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） excels in treating diseases based on syndrome differentiation. According to the etiology， location， and pathogenesis of diseases in TCM， the overall therapy is applied， shows obvious advantages in alleviating disease symptoms， delaying disease progression， and improving the quality of life. TCM has a long history and categorizes NSDs into encephalopathy. According to clinical practice and theories， toxin is an important pathogen of NSDs in TCM. To be specific， the external toxins are insect and beast toxins， food toxin， toxin of six excesses， and epidemic toxin， and the internal toxins are phlegm toxin， dampness toxin， stasis toxin， fire toxin， and turbid toxin. Accumulation of all pathogens will lead to diseases with multiple syndromes. In the case of sudden attack of toxin， the disease is characterized by rapid onset. In the instance of fierce toxin， disease progresses rapidly. If the toxin is dependent， the disease symptoms are diverse. If the toxin is stubborn and frequently occurs， disease recurrence is common. In the case that toxin damages the collaterals， the healthy Qi is impaired. Controlling physiological function of the body， nervous system corresponds to the house of brain in TCM， which is the extraordinary organ， the house of intelligence， and the seat of mental activities that governs the whole body. In the case of toxin damaging the brain collaterals， cerebrospinal injury and orifice obstruction will occur， followed by disharmony of Qi and blood， Yin-yang imbalance， vital activity injury， disorder of primordial spirit， and dysfunction. The treatment principle should be detoxification and eliminating pathogen， and different diseases should be treated with the same method. At the moment， many doctors and scholars have focused on the prevention and treatment of NSDs based on the toxin pathogen. This paper summarizes the research on the clinical application of toxin pathogen causing disease in NSDs， including the peripheral nerve disease， demyelinating disease of the central nervous system， cerebrovascular disease， infectious disease of central nervous system， movement disorders， epilepsy， nervous system degenerative disease and nervous system complications of internal medicine disease， which is expected to provide some ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of NSDs with TCM.

ObjectiveTo summarize the thinking of treatment of headache based on syndrome differentiation by reviewing the literature of materia medica in the past dynasties， so as to guide the clinical practice. MethodAll the literature of materia medica in the Chinese Medical Dictionary， involving 76 works from Han to Qing Dynasties， were searched， and the information of the herbs for treating headache was extracted. According to Chinese Materia Medica （11th Edition） and Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China （2020 Edition）， the nature， taste， and meridian tropism of the selected herbs were statistically analyzed， and the syndrome elements of headache were classified and counted. In addition， the contents of syndrome differentiation and treatment of headache by different herbs were extracted. ResultFrom the 76 monographs of materia medica in the past dynasties， 114 herbs for treating headache were selected. The herbs mainly had cold or warm nature， pungent or bitter taste， and tropism to the lung and live meridians. The syndrome elements of headache treated by the herbs mainly included wind attack， fire disturbance， turbid obstruction， stagnation， cold coagulation， and healthy Qi deficiency. ConclusionHeadache is mainly treated with the herbs with the effects of dispelling pathogenic wind， clearing heat and purging fire， eliminating phlegm and resolving dampness， regulating Qi movement and activating blood， warming Yang and dispelling cold， and tonifying deficiency and reinforcing healthy Qi， and the herbs are often used in combinations. Headache is treated following the principles of dispelling wind and pathogen， regulating Qi and blood， and tonifying deficiency and purging excess， which is in line with the laws of obstruction and nutrient deficiency causing pain.

ObjectiveTo discuss the thought of treatment of orifices in the Chinese herbal classics in the past dynasties based on the correspondence between drugs and symptoms to guide the clinical treatment based on syndrome differentiation. MethodAll the literature data of Chinese herbal classics were retrieved from the database of the Chinese Medical Dictionary， involving 76 works of Chinese herbal classics and covering representative works from the Han dynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties. The information on Chines herbal drugs for the treatment of orifices was collected and sorted out. According to Chinese Materia Medica （11^th Edition） and Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China （2020 Edition）， the nature， flavor， and meridian tropism of the selected Chinese herbal drugs were statistically analyzed. The pathogenesis elements in the treatment of orifices were classified and counted， and the contents of syndrome differentiation and treatment in various Chinese herbal classics were extracted. ResultIn 76 Chinese herbal classics in the past dynasties， 93 Chinese herbal drugs for the treatment of orifices were selected. The nature of drugs was mainly warm， followed by cold and mild. The flavor was mainly pungent， followed by bitter and sweet. In terms of meridian tropism， drugs mainly acted on the lung meridian， followed by stomach， heart， liver， spleen， and kidney meridians. The pathogenesis elements of orifices could be divided into six categories， i.e.， wind invasion， turbid obstruction and Qi stagnation， water and dampness stagnation， blood stasis and collaterals blockage， heat and toxin damage， deficiency of vital Qi and cold coagulation. ConclusionOrifices are mainly treated with drugs effective in dispelling wind and pathogenic factors， resolving turbidity and removing stagnation， inducing diuresis and eliminating dampness， promoting blood circulation and dredging collaterals， clearing heat and purging fire， tonifying deficiency and dispelling cold， which are used in combination. Eliminating pathogenic factors and dredging， tonifying deficiency and purging excess are the main characteristics of treatment of orifices based on syndrome differentiation， which is in line with the physiological dysfunction state of orifices in losing the function， evil Qi blockage and healthy Qi deficiency.

ObjectiveTo screen and establish animal models of combined stasis and toxin syndrome based on the comparison of three modeling methods， i.e.， carrageenan （Ca）， Ca combined with dried yeast （Ca+Yeast）， and Ca combined with lipopolysaccharide （Ca+LPS）. MethodForty SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， Ca group， Ca+Yeast group， and Ca+LPS group， with 10 rats in each group. The Ca group， Ca+Yeast group， and Ca+LPS group received an intraperitoneal injection of Ca （10 mg·kg^-1） on the first day. The Ca+LPS group received an intraperitoneal injection of LPS （50 μg·kg^-1） on the second day， and the Ca+Yeast group received a subcutaneous injection of dry yeast suspension （2 mg·kg^-1） on the back on the second day. The rectal temperature of each group was dynamically observed after modeling. After 24 hours of modeling， the macroscopic evaluation indexes， including tongue manifestation， pulse， and black tail length in each group were observed. The PeriCam PSI imaging system was used to detect the blood flow perfusion of the rat tail. The automatic hemorheology analyzer was used to measure the whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity of each group. The PL platelet function analyzer was used to detect the platelet aggregation rate of the rats. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the interleukin-6 （IL-6） level in the rat plasma. The myocardial tissue， brain tissue， and lung tissue of each group of rats were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. ResultCompared with the normal group， all three model groups showed varying degrees of black tail （P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced blood flow perfusion at the tail end （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decreased R， G， and B values of tongue manifestation （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and increased maximum platelet aggregation rate （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The pulse amplitudes of the Ca+Yeast group and the Ca+LPS group were lower than that of the normal group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In addition， the average rectal temperature of the Ca+Yeast group increased after 24 hours of modeling （P<0.01）， and the low-， medium-， and high-shear whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity increased （P<0.05， P<0.01） as compared with those in the normal group. Additionally， the expression level of the plasma inflammatory factor IL-6 was significantly up-regulated （P<0.05）. Pathological morphology results showed that the Ca+Yeast group had the most severe pathological changes， with small foci of myocardial fiber dissolution， inflammatory cell infiltration， and fibroblast proliferation observed. In the hippocampal area， the neurons were sparse and had undergone red degeneration. In the small focus of the lung interstitium， lymphocytes and neutrophils were infiltrated. ConclusionThe animal model of combined stasis and toxin syndrome was properly established using Ca+Yeast. The systematic evaluation system of the model， which includes traditional Chinese medicine four diagnostic information， western medicine microscopic indicators， and tissue pathological morphology， is worthy of consideration and reference by researchers.