The experiments were designed to study the relation between endotoxamia and renal insufficiency and the protective effects of RSM on galactosamine-induced acute hepatic failure. The results indicated that galactosamine-treated rats which all accompanied with endotoxamia exhibited significant renal dysfunction (Per, BUN elevated; UV, Ccr, U_(Na)V fell; FE_(H2O), FE_(Na) enhanced). After treatment of RSM, the endotoxemia was reduced while renal functions were improved. It suggested that there was a close relationship between endotoxemia and renal insufficiency. The experiment proved that the endotoxin was an important factor in the occurance and development of HRS. RSM possessed marked preventive and theraputic effects for HRS. In addition, the model of galactosamine-induced hepatic failure could be used to study the pathogenesis, prevention and therapy of HRS simultaneously.

Changes of glycosaminoglycans in cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum were measured in rats with hepatic encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide. It was foundthat the contents of glycosaminoglycans in brainstem and cerebrum were lowered markedlythan that of the normal control, but no significant difference of glycosaminoglycans werefound in cerebellum. The results suggested that the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans incerebrum and brainstem was disturbed when hepatic encephalopathy occured, and thatthe pathogenic mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy was related to the alterations of gly-cosaminoglycans in brain as a result of hepatic insufficiency.

Changes of free amino acids in plasma and brain of rats with fulminanthepatic failure were measured with a Beckman 6300 amino acid analyzer.Results indicat-ed that as hepatic encephalopathy developed, concentrations of almost all amino acids inplasma and brain were increased.The levels of most amino acids in brain showed no cor-relation with their changes in the plasma.However,changes of concentrations of theseamino acids in brain that were related to the development of hepatic encephalopathy wereclosely correlated with their concentrations in plasma.Not any correlations between chan-ges of any amino acids in plasma and brain were found in normal control rats.Theseresults suggested that amino acid transport mechanisms appeared to be specific in the blo-cd-brain barrier during fulminant hepatic failure,a phenomenon that could contribute tothe neural disturbance of hepatic encephalopathy.

Changes of pulmonary vascular permeability and blood gas were measuredin rats of experimental fulminant hepatic failure induced by thioacetamide. The resultsshowed that the pulmonary vascular permeability to Evans Blue in rats of fulminant he-patic failure with hepatic enphalopathy was markedly increased than that of normalcontrols (P

Objective:To investigate the clinical effects and safety of triple therapy based on ipratropium bromide inhalation in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases ( AECOPD) . Methods:Totally 150 patients with acute exac-erbation of AECOPD were randomly divided into control group (75 patients) treated with budesonide combined with salbutamol by in-halation, and treatment group (75 patients) treated with ipratropium bromide inhalation additionally. The clinical effects, dyspnea score, pulmonary function index and blood gas analysis index before and after the treatment and the incidence of adverse reactions of the two groups were compared. Results:The clinical effects of the treatment group was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0. 05). The dyspnea score, pulmonary function index in and blood gas analysis index in the two groups after the treatment were significantly better than those before the treatment(P<0. 05), and the improvement of the treatment group was significantly better than that of control group (P<0. 05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P>0. 05). Conclusion:Triple therapy including ipratropium bromide inhalation in the treatment of acute exacerbation of AECOPD can ef-fectively alleviate clinical symptoms and signs and improve the lung ventilation function without increased risk of adverse reactions.

Objective To explore the left ventricular overall systolic and diastolic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients with echocardiography.Methods 30 normal people and 30 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients were examined by routine echocardiography and examine the results of LVDd,IVSd,LVPW,LVFE and E/A.Results The results of IVSd [(16.47 ± 2.08) cm],LVPW [(10.28 ± 0.56) cm] and LVEF [(62.18 ±6.74) ％] in HCM patients were superior than control group [(9.56 ± 0.45) cm,(9.30 ± 0.98) cm,(57.66 ±5.22) ％] (t =-17.809,-4.756,-2.91,all P ＜ 0.05) while the results of LVDd [(40.28 ± 3.80) cm] and E/A[(0.99 ±0.17)] of HCM patients were obviously lower than control group [(45.15 ±3.84) cm,(1.10 ±0.24)](t =4.899,2.132,all P ＜ 0.05) and LVEF was obviously larger than control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Echocardiography can exactly evaluate left ventricular overall systolic and diastolic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients and guide the diagnosis and treatment.

Ectopic internal carotid artery (ICA) is a very rare congenital variation. Unless the diagnosis is made before neck or tonsil surgery, massive hemorrhage and even death may result from injury to the vessel. Therefore, knowledge of the presence of ectopic ICAs may be important. We report two cases suffering from dysphagia associated with ectopic ICA manifesting itself as a pulsative protruding of the right lateral wall of the oropharynx.
Carotid Artery, Internal ; abnormalities ; Deglutition Disorders ; pathology ; Humans ; Oropharynx ; pathology

[Objective]To improve the teaching quality ofMeridians and Acupoints. [Methods]Based on the ten-year experience of teaching the course ofMeridians and Acupoints, the authors suggest three issues on how to study well with this subject. [Results] The first, using the comparing method to remember meridians and acupoints, always do analysis and summary are all important ways to learn the basic knowledge.The second, understanding the property of acupoints, make prescription of acupoints like the way of making Chinese herbal formula according to syndrome differentiation, can cultivate students' dialectical thinking and improve the ability of diagnosis and treatment in acupuncture clinic.The third, introducing the origin,history and development of each meridian and some special acupoints. [Conclusion]The above three suggestions can help students to learn better about the science of acupuncture,and improve their professional thinking, and mine the potential ability of innovation.

Objective　To explore the effects of treatment and mechanism of sodium salicylate on blast deafness. Methods　Guinea pigs were divided into blast group, blast plus sodium Salicylate group and sodium solicylate group. The animals in the blast group were exposed to blast average peak pressure 176.7 dB(SPL); sodium salicylate was injected IP 400 mg/kg,1/d. Monitoring ABR threshold, the value of MDA of and counting the number of hair cells on the cochlea preparation, SEM for hair cells was observed. Results　The ABR threshold shift in the blast group was 46.75±13.56 dB，38.0±12.4 dB,35.5±10.67 dB，41.5±12.57 dB,33.75±8.42 dB, post-blast 1 d，3 d，1 w，2 w,4 w respectively. And that of the blast plus sodium salicylate was 46.65±11.7 dB，38.25±9.52 dB,30.5±9.17 dB,30.0±9.17 dB,23.0±6.57 dB. The two groups differed significantly at 1 w，2 w，4 w(P＜0.05). The value of MDA differed significantly at 2 w,4 w(P＜0.05). And the hair cells lost also differed significantly. It was observed that sodium salicylated can raise the ABR thresbold temporarily 24 hrs during simple sodium salicylate adminastration. However it recovered 14 hrs after the injection.Conclusion　Sodium salicylate can partially attenuate the hearing loss caused by blast. It is probable that sodium salicylate can clear peroxicative produced during blast and therefore protect hair cells and make hearing loss partially recover.

Objective To investigate the surgical method of transnasal operations on the sphenoidal sinus and the middle fossa under nasal endoscope combined with microscope. Methods The operation was performed under nasal endoscope on the side of larger nasal cavity. The middle nasal turbinate was pushed outwards. Then the Handy's expander was inserted between the middle nasal turbinate and the nasal septum in order to get a wide visualization. The sphenoidal frontal wall was opened directly. The nasal endoscope and microscope were utilized in turn to complete the resection of lesions. Results The symptoms disappeared postoperatively in 10 cases of solitary sphenoidal sinusitis. The lesions of 6 cases of sphenoidal cyst and meningioma were all surgically removed on one session. Among 32 cases of pituitary adenoma, a total resection was carried out in 17 cases, a subtotal resection in 12 cases, and a partial resection in 3. After surgery, a supplemental X-knife radiosurgery was employed. Postoperative follow-up in the 48 cases for 0.5~3.5 years (mean, 2.5 years) showed no recurrence of sphenoidal cyst, sphenoidal sinusitis, or meningioma, and 3 cases of recurrence of pituitary adenoma. No intracranial infection, adhesion of nasal cavity, or nasal bleeding was noted. Conclusions Transnasal operations on the sphenoidal sinus and the middle fossa under nasal endoscope combined with microscope has advantages of mild invasion, little blood loss, short operation time, and good outcomes.